A pigovian rule for the optimum provision of public goods

The integrated treatment of optimal taxation and public expenditure presented here is based on the dual relationship between the prices of private goods and the quantities of public goods. The conditions for optimum public good provision can be expressed as a modification of the Samuelson conditions with extra terms representing (a) the distortionary effect of taxes on the willingness to pay for the public good, and (b) distributional effects. The former captures Pigou's notion of the indirect damage caused by the need to finance public expenditure out of distortionary taxes, and we call this the ‘Pigou term’. In certain cases a very simple benefit-cost ratio for public projects emerges that is equivalent to measuring benefits as if they were taxed.     

Accounting Practices and the Market Valuation of Accounting Numbers: Evidence from Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand

This study examines the relation between stock prices and accounting earnings and book values in six Asian countries: Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand. The analysis is based on a residual earnings model that expresses the value of the firm in terms of book value and residual income. The model holds for any clean surplus accounting system. However, for finite time horizons, biased accounting may affect model estimates. The six countries examined in this study differ in faithfulness to clean surplus accounting as well as bias (conservatism). The study addresses two questions. First, are there systematic differences across countries in the value relevance of accounting, and are these differences related to accounting differences? Second, are there systematic differences in the incremental and relative information content of book value per share (BVPS) and abnormal (residual) earnings per share (REPS) across the countries, and are such differences related to accounting differences? We find differences across the six countries in the explanatory power of BVPS and REPS for firm values. Explanatory power for Taiwan and Malaysia is relatively low while that for Korea and the Philippines is relatively high. These differences are generally consistent with differences in accounting practice; however, since Korean accounting practice is strongly influenced by tax law, we did not expect the high association for Korea. Second, with respect to the incremental and relative explanatory power of BVPS and REPS, we find BVPS to have high explanatory power in the Philippines and Korea but little in Taiwan. In all six countries REPS has less explanatory power than BVPS in most years. Again, the evidence may be interpreted as suggesting accounting practice affects valuation (with Korea again as the exception). Finally, we provide evidence on the sensitivity of the timing of comparisons of stock prices and accounting values. We find that comparing prices at year-end (even though annual accounting information has not been released at that time), in general, provides the highest correlation between market and accounting numbers.     

当前中国周边安全环境与战略选择

纵向观察，建国以来中国周边安全环境总体向好，但时起时伏；横向比较，当前中国周边安全环境依然严峻。当前中国周边安全环境的现状是北稳南动，西缓东急。当前中国周边安全环境面对的最大挑战有朝鲜半岛安全问题、中日钓鱼岛主权与东海划界问题、南中国海问题、美国对台军售问题，以及复杂的中印关系等。当前中国周边安全战略应继续坚持与邻为善，以邻为伴的大方针；继续坚持睦邻、友邻、安邻和富邻的周边外交政策；具体执行中采取睦北、缓西、稳南和进东战略，为中国未来10年黄金发展期创造和平安宁的周边环境。     

A point optimal test for heteroscedastic disturbances

A new test for additive heteroscedasticity in the disturbances of the linear regression model is proposed. Power functions of various forms of the new test are compared empirically with those of currently favoured tests for a range of heteroscedastic models. The results highlight the power advantage of a test which is MP1 at a central point in the alternative hypothesis parameter space. The main conclusion is that the recommended version of the new test is generally more powerful than existing tests against medium and severe heteroscedasticity, whereas the King and Szroeter tests perform better against weak heteroscedasticity.     

基于新型教学模式的市场营销学教学方法探讨

市场营销学是一门应用性学科,在实践中具有很强的应用价值。而传统的课堂讲授方法偏重理论知识的传授,过分强调知识的系统性和完整性,缺乏必要的教学环节对学生进行能力、技巧和操作方法上的训练,教学效果并不理想。文章结合自己教学的实际体会,探讨了新型教学模式下市场营销学的教学方法。     

Hedge funds and financial stability: Regulating prime brokers will mitigate systemic risks

We review key characteristics of the hedge fund industry, and identify conditions under which this sector can pose a threat to financial stability. Direct regulation of hedge funds that increases transparency does not appear feasible, may create a moral-hazard problem, and may reduce market liquidity. Indirect regulation by prime brokers and market discipline by creditors, counterparties, and investors have been effective in limiting the risks from the hedge fund sector. To reduce systemic risks, more regulation of prime brokers is warranted to avoid competitive dynamics from undermining counterparty risk management practices.     

篱笆圈在海外油气项目投资评价中的应用

在国际油气勘探开发合同中,一个国家内各独立项目的财税条款通过税收篱笆圈(Ring Fence)在某一层次上相互影响。在进行海外油气项目投资组合评价时,应根据合同中规定的财税条款所确定的篱笆圈层次关系,确定应税收入的计算层次和顺序,确保项目税后净现金流和净现值数据真实反映合同财税条款。忽略合同中规定的财税条款对篱笆圈的规定,有时会导致评价结果失真,很可能导致投资决策失误。因此,在进行海外油气项目投资组合经济评价时,应严格按照合同中规定的计算层次和步骤建立评价模型,提高经济评价的准确性,更好地为投资决策服务。