非政府市场化治理在环境认证领域的应用:政策原理与启示

全球经济一体化和民主化背景下,非政府市场化治理在全球认证管理中兴起。文章以非政府市场化治理机制为研究对象,阐述其政策原理与三个主要特征。以中国和美国的有机认证体系为案例,分析政府管理对非政府市场化机制的复杂影响。提出政府管理需与非政府市场化治理的机制相适应,特别是要尊重公开、透明、民主的特征,促成市场机制和政府机制的有效叠加。当前,应特别注意政府部门因袭不透明的管理方式,滥用法律和行政权威,享有过于集中的控制权或参与权,破坏治理的社会基础,造成市场失灵与政府失灵的恶性叠加。     

The Determinants and Effects of Clients Following Audit Partners Who Switch Audit Firms

Abstract

We examine the determinants of clients’ decision to follow departing partners to new audit firms and the effect of this decision on the likelihood of financial restatements. Using Taiwanese audit partner turnover data from 1984 to 2010, we find that clients are more likely to follow departing partners when the partners have more clients, longer tenure, and when both lead and concurring partners leave simultaneously. By contrast, clients are more likely to stay with their incumbent audit firms when the firms are one of the Big Four or when only the concurring partners leave. The extended partner tenure due to clients following departing partners, however, does not enhance audit quality. In fact, clients that stay at the incumbent firm experience a significant decrease in the probability of financial restatements in the first year after the audit partners leave, but clients that follow do not.     

态度变化能预测家族企业职业经理忠诚度吗？——个人特质的调节作用

职业经理化是我国家族企业成长为＂现代企业＂的必由之路。但职业经理忠诚度低下,甚至＂背叛＂雇主的现象频频发生却伤害了双方的彼此信任,使企业家与经理人之间的合作难以长期持续。本文目的在于寻找职业经理忠诚度的预测方法。通过检验忠诚度的直接前因——态度变量,我们发现,满意度和承诺度、工作搜寻意愿对职业经理忠诚度具有显著预测效应。同时,工作参与度、承诺倾向、创业动机等个人特质也显著影响忠诚度。这三个特质变量还对态度变量与忠诚度之间的关系具有显著的调节作用。此项研究给出了一种预测职业经理忠诚度的方法,加深了对企业家与经理人真诚合作的条件的理解。     

Income inequality and economic growth

Despite the extensive existing literature on income inequality and economic growth, there remains considerable disagreement on the effect of inequality on economic growth. Existing literatures find either a positive or a negative relationship. In this paper, we attempt to theoretically examine that relationship with a stochastic optimal growth model. We make the disagreement clear within a single model. We conclude (i) that both are possible – that is, higher inequality can retard growth in the early stage of economic development, and can encourage growth in a near steady state, (ii) that income redistribution by high income tax does not always reduce income inequality. Income inequality can be reduced by higher income tax in a near steady state, but it cannot be reduced in the early stage of economic development, and (iii) that two government polices – rapid economic growth and low income inequality – can be achieved by low income tax in the early stage of economic development, but both cannot be achieved simultaneously in a near steady state.     

财政支出差异性对创业活动的激励效应分析

经济新常态下,创业是推动中国经济发展、改善民生的重要途径。创业过程的风险性、不确定性及正外部性需要政府给予积极支持。基于2007-2015年中国内地30个省市（除西藏外）数据,运用动态面板模型,考察地区财政支出和创业活动的关系。研究结果表明：财政支出规模对创业活动数量及创业活动质量具有滞后的积极作用;财政支出规模的滞后效应源于财政支出结构的滞后效应,不同财政支出结构对创业活动质量影响的差异较大;同时,创新是提升创业活动质量的重要手段。因此,政府应积极支持“大众创业、万众创新”,各地区财政创业扶持资金应该从规模和结构上进行调整,重点优化有利于创新的支出结构,为创业提供良好的公共环境。     

产业集聚、资源错配与环境治理的协同效应分析

解决经济增长与环境污染之间的矛盾是新时期我国经济发展过程中的重要任务,产业分散以及资源错配被认为是助长环境污染的重要诱因。论文基于2010—2018年省级面板数据,实证检验了产业集聚、资源错配与环境污染之间的关系,研究结果表明:整体来看产业集聚会减少污染物的排放,但在产业发展初期,集聚在一定程度上会增加污染物的排放;资源错配与污染物排放显著负相关,经过一系列稳健性检验,这一结论仍然成立;产业集聚有利于减少资源错配,提高资源分配效率,从而减少环境污染,产业集聚与资源配置在环境治理过程中会产生正向协同效应。     

Deposit insurance and bank regulation in a monetary economy: a general equilibrium exposition

Summary. It is commonly argued that poorly designed banking system safety nets are largely to blame for the frequency and severity of modern banking crises. For example, underpriced deposit insurance and/or low reserve requirements are often viewed as factors that encourage risk-taking by banks. In this paper, we study the effects of three policy variables: deposit insurance premia, reserve requirements and the way in which the costs of bank bailouts are financed. We show that when deposit insurance premia are low, the monetization of bank bailout costs may not be more inflationary than financing these costs out of general revenue. This is because, while monetizing the costs increases the inflation tax rate, higher levels of general taxation reduce savings, deposits, bank reserves, and the inflation tax base. Increasing the inflation tax rate obviously raises inflation, but so does an erosion of the inflation tax base. We also find that low deposit insurance premia or low reserve requirements may not be associated with a high rate of bank failure.Received: 2 January 2002, Revised: 1 March 2003JEL Classification Numbers: D5, E5, G1.B. D. Smith: Sadly, our co-author, colleague and dear friend, Bruce D. Smith, died on July 9, 2002.     

江西能源消费结构与经济发展的灰色关联分析——基于低碳经济的视角

能源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础,能源消费与经济发展有着十分密切的关系。江西作为能源资源匮乏的省份,发展低碳经济是弥补劣势的重要手段。利用灰色关联分析方法具体分析了江西省能源消费结构与经济发展的关系。结果表明,江西省应改善以煤炭为主的能源消费结构,大力发展低碳经济,逐步优化产业结构和能源消费结构。     

要素结构与技术进步方向——来自中国城市“撤县设区”的证据

本文基于1997—2010年267个地级及以上城市市辖区面板数据,运用标准化供给面系统方法测算了市级层面的技术进步方向,并借助“撤县设区”这一自然实验,利用工具变量法实证检验了要素结构变动对技术进步方向的影响,研究发现：（1)“撤县设区”使得资本—劳动比上升,进而导致技术进步方向偏向于资本,符合偏向型技术进步的“弱诱导偏向型假说”;（2)“撤县设区”对资本偏向型技术进步的影响是有条件的,主要限于资本—劳动替代弹性大于1即资本—劳动呈替代关系的地区;（3)相比于中西部地区,东部地区资本要素更为丰富,因而“撤县设区”显著提高了东部地区的资本—劳动比,使其技术进步方向偏向资本。