简释可持续发展成本

可持续发展观要求我们对成本概念进行正确的理解，已经付出的资源代价是成本，应该付出但尚未付出、迟早要付出的资源代价也应该理解为成本，这是对可持续发展成本理解的基础。可持续发展成本主要是由自然生态成本和人文生态成本构成。重视可持续发展成本核算是优化资源环境的需要、完善国民经济核算体系的需要以及正确计算产品成本的要求。构建可持续发展成本核算体系应从自然生态成本核算体系和人文生态成本核算体系两个子系统进行构建。     

构建和谐营销新体系促进和谐社会的发展

<正>党的十六届四中全会第一次提出了构建社会主义和谐社会的伟大目标,在党的十六届六中全会中,我党又研究了构建社会主义和谐社会的若干重大问题。构建社会主义和谐社会,体现了全党和全国各族人民的共同愿望。     

境内外审计报告税后净利差异之实证分析

我国B股上市公司实行双重审计制度,必然导致境内外审计报告税后净利存在一定差异.本文从近年来境内外审计报告税后净利差异程度的现状、差异趋势、差异之影响因素等三个方面加以检验,结果表明,境内外审计报告税后净利差异虽然有所降低,但按中国会计准则及相关会计制度审计的税后净利与按国际财务报告准则调整后的税后净利相比差异普遍偏高,这些差异较大程度上反映了会计准则的差异,但无疑也包含审计职业判断的差异.     

The effectiveness of information interventions to improve domestic food safety among rural consumers

Consumer education on food handling behavior is regarded as an effective method to improve domestic food safety and prevent foodborne illness, but is usually overlooked in rural areas. Using a presurvey and two rounds of postsurveys targeted at rural consumers from China included in a randomized controlled trial, this study investigated the effectiveness of two information interventions—a leaflet with tips for best practices and the leaflet plus consumer education sessions conveyed by phone—and compared them with a control group. Cloth use behavior was the target in the trial and five specific aspects were evaluated: (1) whether the cloth was made of old clothes, (2) whether the one used to clean kitchen tables was also used to wash dishes, (3) whether it was hung to dry, (4) how it was disinfected, and (5) how long the cloth was used before being discarded. Firstly, consumers' behavior was scored by summing the above-mentioned five behaviors. The results estimated using the difference-in-difference model showed that respondents in the leaflet-only group improved to a greater extent than those in the control group, but their difference in progress was not statistically significant until the second round of the postsurvey. Respondents in the leaflet-plus-phone group were quicker to adopt suggested practices and made discernible improvements compared with those in the leaflet-only group in the first round of the postsurvey, but the gap between these groups narrowed to statistically insignificant in the second round of the postsurvey. It was concluded that one consumer education session was effective and made a difference in the long term, whereas more education sessions produced normative behavior at faster rates, showing a significant improvement in the short term. Then, the study estimated the effectiveness of interventions on the five specific behaviors separately. The results were estimated using a probit difference-in-difference model and showed that the suggested behaviors with lower costs or a greater difference from past behaviors were more likely to be adopted by consumers. Consumer education facilitates proper food handling practices among rural households, which should be considered by policy makers.     

技术寻求、开放式自主创新与中国企业的海外投资战略

随着经济全球化趋势的加强和企业间竞争程度的加剧，技术优势在企业竞争中的地位急剧上升，技术寻求型对外直接投资现象日益突出。文章分析了企业通过技术寻求型FDI来获取先进技术初始产权的途径，并提出我国企业实施技术寻求型FDI战略的对策建议。     

征信体系中个人信息法律保护制度建设的个案研究——以上海为例

随着经济的发展和我国个人征信体系的建立,人们对个人信用信息保护的需求日益强烈。我国征信体系的建立经历了先试点、后在全国铺开的过程。上海是征信试点城市之一,在个人信用信息法律保护方面积累了一些经验。通过实证研究,分析上海个人信用信息法律保护的特点和经验,对我国征信立法和个人信用信息保护立法有重要的启示。     

我国家族企业产权关系的缺陷及完善

家族式产权关系在一定的条件下有其存在的合理性,但需要适时有效地进行产权关系的完善和创新,通过渐进性的变革推动民营企业的发展.     

子宫输卵管造影术126例观察及护理

子宫输卵管碘油造影术是治疗不孕症常见也是最有效的办法之一,而正确的护理是促进手术成功的重要方面,本文根据我院实例介绍,探讨了子宫输卵管碘油造影术的观察和护理工作。     

重庆中石油自助加油站经营策略研究

用工成本高涨、竞争日趋激烈,加油站利润不断下降,自助加油服务已成为普遍趋势。本文针对重庆中石油近两年自助加油站经营现状和重庆市场对自助加油服务的理解和接受情况调研分析,就重庆中石油自助加油站建设经营中经营服务业务、价格调整思路、推广宣传策略等方面提出一些针对性建议。     

Principal components estimation and identification of static factors

It is known that the principal component estimates of the factors and the loadings are rotations of the underlying latent factors and loadings. We study conditions under which the latent factors can be estimated asymptotically without rotation. We derive the limiting distributions for the estimated factors and factor loadings when N$N$ and T$T$ are large and make precise how identification of the factors affects inference based on factor augmented regressions. We also consider factor models with additive individual and time effects. The asymptotic analysis can be modified to analyze identification schemes not considered in this analysis.