On the Accuracy of Economic Observations: Do Sub-Saharan Trade Statistics Mean Anything?

African governments are being urged to promote commodity exports,yet without reliable trade statistics it is difficult to formulateappropriate policies to achieve this goal. This article assessesthe accuracy of U.N. trade statistics by comparing the declaredvalue of African exports, plus a transport and insurance costfactor, with partner countries' reported import values. Theresults show that major discrepancies often exist between thetwo, with false invoicing and smuggling apparently responsiblefor much of the difference. Although major disparities existin data on trade with developed countries, the average differencesin intra-African trade statistics are substantially larger.Statistical tests show that these data cannot be relied on toindicate the level, composition, or even direction and trendsin African trade.     

Electrification of a city bus network—An optimization model for cost-effective placing of charging infrastructure and battery sizing of fast-charging electric bus systems

The deployment of battery-powered electric bus systems within the public transportation sector plays an important role in increasing energy efficiency and abating emissions. Rising attention is given to bus systems using fast charging technology. This concept requires a comprehensive infrastructure to equip bus routes with charging stations. The combination of charging infrastructure and bus batteries needs a reliable energy supply to maintain a stable bus operation even under demanding conditions. An efficient layout of the charging infrastructure and an appropriate dimensioning of battery capacity are crucial to minimize the total cost of ownership and to enable an energetically feasible bus operation. In this work, the central issue of jointly optimizing the charging infrastructure and battery capacity is described by a capacitated set covering problem. A mixed-integer linear optimization model is developed to determine the minimum number and location of required charging stations for a bus network as well as the adequate battery capacity for each bus line. The bus energy consumption for each route segment is determined based on individual route, bus type, traffic, and other information. Different scenarios are examined in order to assess the influence of charging power, climate, and changing operating conditions. The findings reveal significant differences in terms of required infrastructure. Moreover, the results highlight a trade-off between battery capacity and charging infrastructure under different operational and infrastructure conditions. This paper addresses upcoming challenges for transport authorities during the electrification process of the bus fleets and sharpens the focus on infrastructural issues related to the fast charging concept.     

Nontariff distortions of international trade: Some preliminary empirical evidence

Zusammenfassung Nichttarif?re Verzerrungen des internationalen Handels: Einige vorl?ufige empirische Befunde. — In dieser Studie werden — mit Hilfe einer Auswahl von Business International zusammengestellter internationaler Preise — Wert?quivalente für nichttarif?re Handelsschranken durch Zerlegung der Preise in ihre Komponenten gesch?tzt. Nachdem l?nderm?\ige Preisunterschiede für eine genau beobachtete Auswahl von Gütern berechnet wurden, werden die gesch?tzten Anteile, die auf Z?lle, Abgaben und andere direkte Steuern, Transportkosten usw. zurückzuführen sind, von diesen Zahlen abgezogen. Der verbleibende unerkl?rte Rest wird dann als Ma\ für die wertm?\ige Inzidenz von nichttarif?ren Handelsschranken interpretiert. In Frankreich und in etwas geringerem Ausma\ in den Vereinigten Staaten zeigen die Ergebnisse, da\ die meisten beobachteten Preisunterschiede auf Steuern, Z?lle und Abgaben (Frankreich) zurückgeführt werden k?nnen. Unerkl?rte Reste in H?he von 30 bis 50 vH für Schweden und Japan deuten dagegen auf sehr bedeutende andere handelsbeschr?nkende Ma\nahmen in diesen L?ndern hin. Da eine gesonderte Untersuchung zeigt, da\ h?here Handelskosten nicht für diese Unterschiede verantwortlich sein k?nnen, würde eine ausführliche Untersuchung der schwedischen und japanischen Systeme nützlich sein, um genau die Art der Faktoren festzustellen, die diese Unterschiede verursachen. Eine gesonderte (Rang-) Korrelationsanalyse der Preisunterschiede mit der H?ufigkeit von nichttarif?ren Beschr?nkungen in der Zusammenstellung des GATT zeigt entweder eine negative oder eine nicht-signifikante Beziehung zwischen diesen Variablen. Dies l?\t darauf schlie\en, da\ die Zusammenstellung des GATT kein unverzerrtes Bild der relativen Bedeutung von nichttarif?ren Hemmnissen in verschiedenen Sektoren geben dürfte.

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Résumé Les distorsions nontarifaires du commerce international: Quelques empiriques evidences préliminaires. — En utilisant un échantillon des prix internationaux compilé par Business International cette étude estime les équivalents ad valorem des obstacles nontarifaires par une décomposition des portions de prix. Après avoir computé les differences de prix à travers les pays pour une sélection des produits rigoureusement controllée nous dérivons de ces données les estimations de la portion réduirable au tarif, aux taxes indirectes et aux autres taxes directes, aux co?ts de transport etc. Puis nous interprétons les quantités restantes pas expliquées comme mesure de l–incidence ad valorem des restrictions nontarifaires du commerce extérieur. Les résultats montrent que pour la France et, dans une mesure plus faible pour les Etats-Unis, la plupart des differences des prix observées peut être expliquée par les taxes, les tarifs et les imp?ts (France). Cependant les quantités restantes et pas expliqueés pour la Suède et le Japon d–une magnitude de 30 à 50 pourcent montrent que des autres mesures de commerce restrictives sont très importantes dans ces pays. Comme une analyse spéciale montre que les co?ts plus hauts du commerce de détail pour la Suède et le Japon ne peuvent pas expliquer les disparités, une investigation détaillée des systèmes de la Suède et du Japon pourrait être utile pour déterminer la nature exacte des facteurs causant ces differences. Une analyse séparée de corrélation des rangs des differences de prix avec la fréquence reportée des obstacles nontarifaires dans l–inventaire de GATT montre une association négative ou non-significative entre ces variables. Ces résultats suggèrent que peut-être l–inventaire des obstacles nontarifaires ne donne pas une illustration sans défiguration de l–importance relative des restrictions nontarifaires dans les secteurs différents.

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Resumen Distorsiones no tarifarias en el comercio internacional: Algunas evidencias empíricas preliminares. — Empleando una muestra de precios internacionales compilados por Business International, se estiman en el presente trabajo equivalentes ad valorem de barrieras no tarifarias a traves de la descomposición de partes de precios. Después de computar diferencias de precios entre países para una selección de productos estrechamente controlados, se descuentan de estas cifras estimaciones de los montos atribuibles a las tarifas, impuestos a la compraventa y otros impuestos directos, costos de transporte, etc. El restante residual no explicado se interpreta entonces como una medida de la incidencia ad valorem de las barrieras no tarifarias del comercio. En Francia y, en menor medida en los EEUU, los resultados muestran, que la mayor parte de las diferencias de precios observadas se pueden atribuir a impuestos, tarifas y derechos (Francia). Sin embargo, residuales no explicados del orden de 30% a 50% en Suecia y Japón sugieren, que otras medidas restrictivas del comercio son muy importantes en estos países. Ya que un análisis separado muestra, que costos de venta al detalle mayores no pueden ser responsables por estas disparidades, parece que una investigación detallada de los sistemas sueco y japonés sería muy útil para determinar la naturaleza exacta de los factores que causan estas diferencias. Un análisis de correlación de rango seperado para las diferencias de precios con la frecuencia de las barrieras no tarifarias del inventario del GATT anteriormente mencionadas, muestra una asociación negativa o no significativa para estas variables. Estos resultados sugieren, que el inventario de barrieras no tarifarias puede no estar dando un cuadro sin sesgos de la importancia relativa de las restricciones no tarifarias en diferentes sectores.

     

Rewarding customers who keep a product: How reinforcement affects customers' product return decision in online retailing

A lenient product return policy represents the status quo of current return management practice in online retailing because it increases customers' order tendency. However, at the same time, many customers tend to return products under this policy, which incurs considerable costs for retailers. The present research introduces a keep reward (i.e., providing incentives to keep a product) as a new promotion strategy to improve the conventional lenient policy. Drawing on operant conditioning, the authors propose and test the reinforcing effect of a keep reward on customers' keep decision, compared to the conventional lenient policy. Results of a qualitative pilot study suggest that a keep reward is generally feasible in online retailing practice, especially in the low‐ to mid‐price segment and with rewards that are linked to future purchases. Two experimental studies verify the positive effect of a keep reward. Study 1 shows that it substantially increases keep intention compared to a conventional lenient policy. Study 2 shows that the effect on keep intention is moderated by customers' online shopping frequency, and this moderating effect is mediated by repurchase intention. In particular, the keep reward is most effective among frequent shoppers because they are more inclined to repurchase and thus, benefit from the reward. In summary, both studies support the keep reward as a valuable add‐on to the conventional lenient policy because order intention remains comparably high, while keep intention is higher. Theoretical implications and recommendations for online retailers on how to implement a keep reward in different industries are discussed.     

How young firms achieve growth: reconciling the roles of growth motivation and innovative activities

This special issue focuses on entrepreneurship, innovation and enterprise dynamics, as these key components of any prospering economy are at the heart of the current policy discussion. It gathers the latest national and comparative cross-country evidence about: new business venture formation and the role of framework conditions in fostering entrepreneurial activities; the determinants and outcomes of firms’ innovative activities and, more generally, of business and innovation dynamics; and the determinants and patterns of post-entry firm growth performance. The contributions synthesised in this introductory piece all rely on sound micro-level data and robust econometrics and propose novel findings that are relevant for policy making. Among them, that risk aversion encourages individuals to invest in balanced skill profiles, making them more likely to become entrepreneurs; and that while micro firms may grow when they are young, they are less likely to do so when old.     

Town centre management in the UK: A review,synthesis and research agenda

Despite rapid growth in the number of town centre management schemes in the UK there have been few attempts to consider this topic from an academic perspective. This article develops a typology of town centre management schemes, based upon a comprehensive review of existing literature. The criteria of organizational structure and resource origin are identified as primary influences in the initiation and development of such schemes. The article concludes by outlining a research agenda which considers both local governance and spatial and temporal themes in the initiation and development of town centre management. The analysis of such factors is vital to a fuller understanding of this area.     

Perceptions of facilitators of a keypad‐based group support system

Organizations are using Group Support Systems (GSSs) to improve the quality of group meetings. Keypad‐based GSSs are a widely used form of this technology, yet there has been little research on their use and effects. This paper reports the findings of a survey of facilitators of a particular keypad GSS. Facilitators indicate that keypad technology improves the quality of meetings for a variety of tasks in a range of group settings and cultures. The findings are in general agreement with field studies of workstation‐based systems.     

The Business Model and Firm Performance: The Case of Russian Food Service Ventures

Using a unique methodology for capturing the business model and drawing comparisons across larger samples of firms, we investigate the relationship between business model design and firm performance in a Russian context. The evolution of the business model concept and its components is reviewed. Empirical research was conducted on the basis of a cross‐sectional survey of firms in the food service industry. A typology of seven business models in this industry is produced, and linkages are established between model type and company performance.