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951.
952.
In this paper we analyze the impact of motorway networks on production for a panel of twenty one manufacturing and service
sectors of eleven EU countries observed over the period 1980–2003. In particular, we analyze if the degree of regulation of
the road transport sector affects the link between productivity and motorway infrastructures. Overall results suggest that
output elasticity with respect to motorway is found to be lower for countries characterised by a high degree of entry barriers
in the road transport sector. This result is found to be more evident for industries which rely more heavily on transport
services. 相似文献
953.
Lilia Cavallari 《Empirica》2010,37(3):291-309
This paper studies the macroeconomic consequences of alternative policy regimes in a closed economy where a central bank,
a fiscal authority and a monopoly union interact via their effects on output and inflation. The analysis compares macroeconomic
outcomes in a non-cooperative setting, where players may move sequentially or simultaneously, and in a regime of cooperation
between the government and wage-setters. The cooperative regime captures a climate of accord among social parties that is
finalised at common macroeconomic targets in the tradition of corporatism, as in the recent experience of “social pacts” in
many European countries. The paper makes two main contributions. First, it shows that macroeconomic outcomes are suboptimal
in the non-cooperative regime and may deliver extreme (undesirable) results even when all players share common ideal targets
for output and inflation. All players would be better off with a less extreme value for output or inflation, yet they fail
to reach a more advantageous allocation as long as there is an inherent conflict among their further objectives. Moreover,
the result is robust to a change in the degree of central bank’s conservatism. Second, I find that cooperation between the
government and the monopoly union towards common ideal targets for inflation, output and taxes enhances social welfare even
in the absence of explicit coordination with the central bank. 相似文献
954.
Andreas Kuhn 《Empirica》2010,37(2):215-236
This paper describes subjective wage inequality and the demand for redistribution in Austria using individuals’ estimates
of occupational wages from the International Social Survey Program. Although these estimates differ widely across individuals,
the data clearly show that most individuals would like to decrease wage inequality, relative to the level of inequality which
they perceive to exist. The empirical analysis also shows that the demand for redistribution is strongly associated not only
with variables describing self-interested motives for redistribution, but also with perceptions of and social norms with respect
to inequality. Further, the demand for redistribution is a strong predictor for whether an individual is supportive of redistribution
by the state. On the other hand, however, I find almost no evidence for an empirical association between the demand for redistribution
and individuals’ party identification. 相似文献
955.
In the last decade, a lively interdisciplinary discussion has grown around the evidence that, in the long-run, people’s subjective well-being is not significantly correlated with income growth. In other words, GDP growth does not predict the long run growth of subjective well-being. In this paper, we argue that there exists a different predictor of subjective well-being that works pretty well: sociability, i.e. the quality and quantity of social relationships (also referred to as relational goods). More precisely, we illustrate the role of sociability as a predictor of well-being, presenting the available evidence at both the within-country and the worldwide level. In particular, we discuss recent evidence from US cross-sectional data (General Social Survey, 1975–2004), cross-country time series (World Value Survey 1980–2005), and German panel data (German Socio-Economic Panel, 1996–2007). We conclude by indicating the most relevant open issues and suggesting future lines of research. 相似文献
956.
Leland B. Yeager 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(2):183-191
A prominent philosophical/legal case for requiring 100% bank reserves employs a flawed style of argument. It involves essentialism (criticized by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter), persuasive definitions (identified by Charles L. Stevenson), faulty classification, and the piling up of irrelevant facts and considerations. 相似文献
957.
Athena B. Roumboutsos 《International Advances in Economic Research》2010,16(2):165-174
The notion of sustainability has lead to the evaluation of public projects in terms of wider socio-economic and environmental benefits. The Cost Benefit Analysis and its respective, Social Discount Rate (SDR), is of crucial importance, especially when the advantages of private financing are to be demonstrated in comparison with the alternative traditional procurement of works and services. The SDR seen as a measure of a country’s value of future costs and benefits is related to the notion of promoted sustainability. The impact of smaller and declining SDRs on project selection is investigated, and a conceptual formulation concerning the selection of the project procurement method is presented. The modelled formulation will assist central and local governments in assessing projects and the potential benefit of private financing. 相似文献
958.
Using a 1995–2004 panel data of Chinese urban residents, we investigate the dynamics of income distribution in cities. According to Kernel estimates of the relative income distribution of Chinese cities, we find that: (1) the national across-city distribution of per capita GDP exhibits an apparent unique-peak distribution in 1995 and an “emerging multiple-peak” one in 2004; (2) for prefecture-level cities, income distribution has evolved to an “apparent multiple-peak” distribution from a unique-peak one; (3) the income distribution of county-level cities maintains a unique-peak curve; (4) most of the income dynamics of urban residents originates from prefecture-and-higher-level cities. We sample three representative provinces and study the urban income dynamics respectively. The analysis suggests that within a single province, urban income distribution evolves from unique-peak to twin-peak curve; while among provinces, income convergence is evident for urban residents. In addition, we measure the incidence of poverty in cities based on our income dynamics analysis, and find that the ratios of people living below absolute poverty line have been decreasing at cities of all levels. 相似文献
959.
This paper describes algorithms for finding all Nash equilibria of a two-player game in strategic form. We present two algorithms
that extend earlier work. Our presentation is self-contained, and explains the two methods in a unified framework using faces
of best-response polyhedra. The first method lrsnash is based on the known vertex enumeration program lrs, for “lexicographic reverse search”. It enumerates the vertices of only one best-response polytope, and the vertices of the
complementary faces that correspond to these vertices (if they are not empty) in the other polytope. The second method is
a modification of the known EEE algorithm, for “enumeration of extreme equilibria”. We also describe a second, as yet not implemented, variant that is space
efficient. We discuss details of implementations of lrsnash and EEE, and report on computational experiments that compare the two algorithms, which show that both have their strengths and weaknesses. 相似文献
960.
Analyzing data from the Structure of Earnings Surveys we find that wage dispersion in Austria increased only marginally between
1996 and 2002. There was an increase in the returns to education which accrued only to male workers. The positive effects
of tenure and especially of experience on wages decreased over time. We adopt the Machado–Mata (J Appl Econ 20:445–465, 2005) counterfactual decomposition technique which allows to attribute changes in each wage decile to changes in worker and workplace
characteristics and into changes in returns to these characteristics. Behind the small net increase in inequality we document
a number of interesting gross effects that influence the change in the wage distribution. We find that both composition effects
due to gender, education and age and market-driven effects such as changes in returns and changing workplace characteristics
contributed to a higher dispersion of wages. 相似文献