Sustainable development (SD) – that is, “Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs and aspirations” – can be pursued in many different ways. Stakeholder relations
management (SRM) is one such way, through which corporations are confronted with economic, social, and environmental stakeholder
claims. This paper lays the groundwork for an empirical analysis of the question of how far SD can be achieved through SRM.
It describes the so-called SD–SRM perspective as a distinctive research approach and shows how it relates to the wider body
of stakeholder theory. Next, the concept of SD is operationalized for the microeconomic level with reference to important
documents. Based on the ensuing SD framework, it is shown how SD and SRM relate to each other, and how the two concepts relate
to other popular concepts such as Corporate Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility. The paper concludes that the
significance of societal guiding models such as SD and of management approaches like CSR is strongly dependent on their footing
in society.
Reinhard Steurer is a senior researcher and lecturer at the Research Institute for Managing Sustainability at the Vienna University
of Economics and Business Adminstration. His research focuses on the changing roles of states, businesses and civil societies
in the context of sustainable development. He is author and co-author of numerous articles, dealing with questions of how
governments and businesses tackle the challenge of sustainable development, and what the two societal domains can learn from
each other in doing so. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Salzburg/Austria, and a Masters in Public
Policy from the University of Maryland/U.S.A.
Markus E. Langer studied ecology and environmental economics at the
University of Vienna and the Vienna University of Economics and Business Adminstration as well as industrial environmental
management at Yale University. He is currently working as
Managing Director of FORUM Umweltbildung. Previously he was working since 1999 as a senior researcher and lecturer at the
Research Institute for Managing Sustainability at the Vienna
University of Economics and Business Adminstration. His research focused on the Evaluation of Sustainable Development as well
as Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Management.
Astrid Konrad studied business administration at the University of Graz. She has been working at the Research Institute for
Managing Sustainability at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Adminstration since 2002. Her research focus is
on Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Management.
André Martinuzzi studied business adminstration at the Vienna
University of Economics and Business Administration. He is working as a project manager at the Department of Environmental
Economics and Management since 1993, as a lecturer at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Adminstration and leads
the Managing Sustainability Research Centre since 1999. Since 2001 he worked as a scientific coordinator of Austria’s Sustainability
Strategy. In 2003 he worked as a scientific editor of the Corporate Social Responsibility vision statement of the Austrian
Industry and as a process consultant for the Austrian Forest Program. Research areas: Eco-Consulting, Corporate Sustainability,
Evaluating Sustainable Development, Sustainability Strategies and Stakeholder Dialogues. 相似文献
The present paper examines the directional causality between export diversification and real exchange rate in the middle-income countries of Asia and Latin America over the period from 1995 to 2013. Additionally, we investigate asymmetries in the causality issue by examining the direction across trading partners.
Our empirical results show that there is a two-way causality between the two variables when we look at the sample as a whole. A causal link running from the real exchange rate to export diversification is consistent with the standard literature but it is not systematic at all. The reverse causation is very appealing and challenges the standard argument on exchange rate determination. When the causality issue is investigated by treating export markets differently, our findings at the aggregate level are confirmed in exports destined for the advanced countries. The analysis for ‘South-South’ trade only shows a unidirectional link from the real exchange rate to changes in export diversification. The same tests performed at the individual countries level reveal a heterogeneous causality across trading partners. 相似文献
This paper re-examines the link between new firm formation and subsequent employment growth. It investigates whether it is
possible to have the wrong type of entrepreneurship—defined as new firm formation which leads to zero or even negative subsequent
employment growth. It uses a very similar approach to that of Fritsch and Mueller (Regional Studies, 38(8), 961–976, 2004),
confirming their findings that the employment impact of new firm formation is in three discrete phases. Then, using data for
Great Britain, the paper shows the employment impact of new firm formation is significantly positive in the high-enterprise
counties of Great Britain. However, for the low-enterprise counties, it shows that new firm formation has a negative effect
on employment. Of the 15 low-enterprise regions, eight are Scottish (of nine Scottish regions in our data base) and three
are North East Counties (of four). Our findings imply that having the “wrong type of entrepreneurship” is indeed possible.
Research shows that, under certain circumstances, people using GSS can be substantially more productive than people who do not. However GSS has been slow to transition into the workplace. This paper argues that the Technology Transition Model (TTM) may be a useful way to explain this seeming paradox. The paper presents a case study of GSS transition in two organizations – one where a self-sustaining and growing community of users emerged, and one where it did not. Following TTM, it explores the frequency with which users perceived cognitive, economic, affective, political, social, and physical value from using the system. Comparison of the cases reveals differences in perceptions of value along several of these dimensions that are consistent with TTM. The findings suggest the model may be a useful way to explain the transition of collaboration technology, but more research will be required to test the model more rigorously. 相似文献
The short‐time asymptotic behavior of option prices for a variety of models with jumps has received much attention in recent years. In this work, a novel second‐order approximation for at‐the‐money (ATM) option prices is derived for a large class of exponential Lévy models with or without Brownian component. The results hereafter shed new light on the connection between both the volatility of the continuous component and the jump parameters and the behavior of ATM option prices near expiration. In the presence of a Brownian component, the second‐order term, in time‐t, is of the form , with d2 only depending on Y, the degree of jump activity, on σ, the volatility of the continuous component, and on an additional parameter controlling the intensity of the “small” jumps (regardless of their signs). This extends the well‐known result that the leading first‐order term is . In contrast, under a pure‐jump model, the dependence on Y and on the separate intensities of negative and positive small jumps are already reflected in the leading term, which is of the form . The second‐order term is shown to be of the form and, therefore, its order of decay turns out to be independent of Y. The asymptotic behavior of the corresponding Black–Scholes implied volatilities is also addressed. Our method of proof is based on an integral representation of the option price involving the tail probability of the log‐return process under the share measure and a suitable change of probability measure under which the pure‐jump component of the log‐return process becomes a Y‐stable process. Our approach is sufficiently general to cover a wide class of Lévy processes, which satisfy the latter property and whose Lévy density can be closely approximated by a stable density near the origin. Our numerical results show that the first‐order term typically exhibits rather poor performance and that the second‐order term can significantly improve the approximation's accuracy, particularly in the absence of a Brownian component. 相似文献
This article analyses whether small, young, and innovating firms have experienced a greater employment growth than other Spanish
firms over the period 1990–2000. The study draws upon a sample of 1272 manufacturing firms in which only 967 of the firms
survived for the entire ten year period. The analyses test Gibrat’s law, both by least squares and by utilizing the procedure
proposed by Heckman in which a probit survival equation is first estimated to correct for sample selection bias. Two estimators
correcting for selection bias are utilized: one that incorporates the inverse Mill’s ratio and the other that employs maximum
likelihood methods. All the results reject Gibrat’s law and support the proposition that small firms have grown larger. Additionally,
the results show that old firms grow less than young ones, and innovating activity – both process and product – is a strong
positive factor in the firm’s survival and its employment growth. 相似文献
Most economists agree in their view of small and medium-sized enterprises, or small businesses (SMEs), as a marginal scientific subject. They may go so far as to ignore them, either because they think these economic units do not lend themselves to conventional economic studies — studies which, for instance, take into account the sacred cow theory of economies of scale — or because they see them as being not really different from big businesses.However, at least a few economists have recognized, first, the many characteristics differentiating SMEs from big firms, and second, their increasing importance in terms of numbers and job creation within economies. Among these few, Schumpeter was one of the first to show the importance of entrepreneurs and SMEs as the main variable of change in an economy. Simon and Lucas also explained the difference between small and big firms through the differing abilities required by managers to run them. Penrose looked at the question from another point of view by highlighting the interstices taken up by SMEs to fulfil needs that cannot be fulfilled by bigger units. Critics of the theory of economies of scale showed that such economies may be offset by a number of diseconomies, thus justifying the efficiency of many SMEs. More recently, Mills and Schumann suggested that SMEs compensate for their lack of economies of scale by their production flexibility, particularly in today's turbulent economy.The limits of traditional economic theory are clearly demonstrated by the fact that it does not take account of all these theories, concepts and ideas. It thus neglects a number of important economic phenomena, including the persistence and current expansion of SMEs. Consideration of such phenomena may lead to the development of a new economic theory based on the concepts of instability and contingency, together with the behaviour of entrepreneurs and small firms, thus tending to contradict, in particular, the concept of equilibrium in conventional economic theory.A first version of this paper has been presented as invited speaker at the symposium of TETRA Group at Lyon, France, 30–31 May 1990. I thank the colleagues Fritz Rieger, Frances Solé Parrellada, Jacques Filion and the two referees for their very interesting suggestions on a preliminary second version. 相似文献
Based on a theoretical exploration in a previous article, this paper empirically analyzes which issues of SD are taken into
account by corporations and stakeholders in what way, and to what extent the concept of sustainable development (SD) can be
achieved through stakeholder relations management (SRM) on the corporate level. An important basis for this empirical analysis
is a referential framework, which specifies 14 issues of SD. In a first empirical step, the literature-based framework has
been operationalized for the business world by analyzing sustainability reports. In a second empirical step, the operationalized
framework served as the basis for a survey of selected MNCs. The analyses of the sustainability reports and the survey show
how MNCs deal with particular issues of SD and what role they perceive particular stakeholders play. A key conclusion of the
article is that SRM indeed promotes SD, but that it is no alternative to predictable government regulation. 相似文献