全文获取类型
收费全文 | 32216篇 |
免费 | 393篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 5518篇 |
工业经济 | 2056篇 |
计划管理 | 5100篇 |
经济学 | 7110篇 |
综合类 | 619篇 |
运输经济 | 123篇 |
旅游经济 | 271篇 |
贸易经济 | 6752篇 |
农业经济 | 713篇 |
经济概况 | 3725篇 |
信息产业经济 | 46篇 |
邮电经济 | 576篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 103篇 |
2020年 | 170篇 |
2019年 | 224篇 |
2018年 | 2671篇 |
2017年 | 2409篇 |
2016年 | 1561篇 |
2015年 | 294篇 |
2014年 | 443篇 |
2013年 | 1685篇 |
2012年 | 903篇 |
2011年 | 2418篇 |
2010年 | 2218篇 |
2009年 | 1986篇 |
2008年 | 1936篇 |
2007年 | 2216篇 |
2006年 | 413篇 |
2005年 | 668篇 |
2004年 | 787篇 |
2003年 | 889篇 |
2002年 | 547篇 |
2001年 | 354篇 |
2000年 | 378篇 |
1999年 | 287篇 |
1998年 | 281篇 |
1997年 | 277篇 |
1996年 | 269篇 |
1995年 | 234篇 |
1994年 | 230篇 |
1993年 | 270篇 |
1992年 | 245篇 |
1991年 | 251篇 |
1990年 | 237篇 |
1989年 | 220篇 |
1988年 | 208篇 |
1987年 | 187篇 |
1986年 | 229篇 |
1985年 | 293篇 |
1984年 | 269篇 |
1983年 | 270篇 |
1982年 | 225篇 |
1981年 | 222篇 |
1980年 | 242篇 |
1979年 | 201篇 |
1978年 | 172篇 |
1977年 | 165篇 |
1976年 | 144篇 |
1975年 | 131篇 |
1974年 | 111篇 |
1973年 | 111篇 |
1972年 | 84篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
931.
After the outbreak of the global financial crisis, some governments in the EU experienced serious fiscal problems, while others were less affected. This paper seeks to shed light on the divergent fiscal performance in the EU countries before and after the outbreak of the crisis. Fiscal reaction functions of the primary balance are estimated for different groups of EU countries using quarterly data for the pre-crisis period 2001–2008 and for the crisis period 2009–2014. The pre-crisis estimations reveal some differences in persistence and cyclical reaction between different groups of countries, but in most cases little feedback from the debt stock to the primary balance. The fiscal reaction functions of the countries that eventually developed fiscal problems do not stand out. The estimations on data from the crisis period show largely unchanged persistence and counter-cyclicality but much more feedback from the debt stock, and this applies both to the crisis countries and those less affected. In spite of large deficits and accumulation of debt, the underlying fiscal reaction has become more prudent after the outbreak of the European debt crisis. 相似文献
932.
Anisur R. Faroque Sussie C. Morrish Olli Kuivalainen Sanna Sundqvist Lasse Torkkeli 《International Business Review》2021,30(1):101767
While international entrepreneurship (IE) recognizes opportunity recognition (OR) as a central activity and the prominent role of network capabilities in OR, it is not informative as to how different network capabilities influence OR in international markets. We utilize dual network capability through the lens of exploration-exploitation to better understand how these two different capabilities influence the identification of international opportunities. Given that microfoundations perspective and prior experience in IE are under-developed and under-theorized, we explore founder’s prior experience as an essential microfoundation for the dual network capability. By employing structural equation modeling on a sample of 647 early internationalizing firms from a developing country, the study demonstrates that founders’ prior experience is a significant microfoundation of dual network capability in international OR. However, both exploration and exploitation capabilities fail to bring new opportunities in a changing market environment. A post-hoc analysis reveals that at a higher level of market change, younger firms benefit more from network exploration, whereas older firms achieve greater success when leveraging benefits from network exploitation. The study concludes with implications and future research avenues. 相似文献
933.
In addition to explicit contracts, corporations issue their stakeholders implicit claims, including fair treatment of employees and the promise of continuing service to customers. Corporate value is created by selling these implicit claims for more than it costs to honour them. Recently, a new class of non-investor stakeholders, related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, has arisen. Although many ESG advocates stress their role in creating shareholder value, they do not explain how this value creation occurs. This paper shows that implicit claims provide a critical link that ties non-investor stakeholders and ESG to shareholder value, both its creation and its possible destruction. 相似文献
934.
Benchmarking is a universal practice in portfolio management and is well-studied in the optimal portfolio selection literature. This paper derives axiomatic foundations of the relative return, which underlies a benchmark-based evaluation of portfolio performance. We show that the existence of a benchmark naturally arises from a few basic axioms and is tightly linked to the economic theory. Our method relies on the use of both axiomatic and economic approaches to index number theory. We also analyze the problem of optimal portfolio selection under complete uncertainty about a future price system, where the objective function is the relative return. 相似文献
935.
Simon Bilo 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2018,31(1):27-49
Where investments are irreversible and the future is uncertain, people in two countries can make investment decisions that turn out to be mutually inconsistent. I argue that this intertemporal coordination failure explains international business cycles in a two-currency-area setting with a floating foreign exchange rate. The sequence of events starts with an expansionary domestic monetary shock, which decreases the domestic real interest rate. Facing low transactions costs, people spend the new money relatively early in the foreign exchange market and in the foreign market for loanable funds. Domestic monetary expansion thereby changes the relative prices of domestic and foreign goods and also of goods of earlier and later stages of production. The relative price changes lead to intertemporal and international coordination failures once the monetary expansion ends and relative prices change. Domestic monetary policy thereby causes the comovement across different currency areas we observe of business cycles. 相似文献
936.
937.
While the literature is rich with studies on the identification of alternative types of learning processes that might exist in the real world, the identification of the determinants of the structural changes in regional learning processes is still an underexplored research field in regional innovation theories. This paper proposes the concept of regional learning paradigms and trajectories to study how alternative and more advanced learning processes arise in a region, and highlights the evolutionary path-creation strategies enabling a paradigmatic jump. By taking into consideration also learning modes typical of peripheral or declining industrial areas, generally left aside in previous theories, this new conceptual approach allows us to understand how more complex learning and innovation processes can emerge in all types of regions. From these reflections, spontaneous processes or policy recommendations to catch-up in the innovation ladder are highlighted for each type of region. 相似文献
938.
Trading Partners and Trading Volumes: Implementing the Helpman–Melitz–Rubinstein Model Empirically
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
J. M. C. Santos Silva Silvana Tenreyro 《Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics》2015,77(1):93-105
Helpman, Melitz and Rubinstein [Quarterly Journal of Economics (2008) Vol. 123, pp. 441–487] (HMR) present a rich theoretical model to study the determinants of bilateral trade flows across countries. The model is then empirically implemented through a two‐stage estimation procedure. We argue that this estimation procedure is only valid under the strong distributional assumptions maintained in the article. Statistical tests using the HMR sample, however, clearly reject such assumptions. Moreover, we perform numerical experiments which show that the HMR two‐stage estimator is very sensitive to departures from the assumption of homoskedasticity. These findings cast doubts on any inference drawn from the empirical implementation of the HMR model. 相似文献
939.
John C. Gower 《Revue internationale de statistique》2015,83(3):357-370
An account is given of the development of statistical computing at Rothamsted. It is concerned mainly with the period from 1954 (when the first electronic computer was delivered) until 1985 (when this article was written). Initially, many specialised programs were written, but it was soon realised that, for efficiency, general‐purpose programs—each unifying many statistical techniques—were required. The development of these programs was gradual and required corresponding developments in statistical theory. Now, the bulk of statistical work, not only for Rothamsted but also for the Agricultural and Food Research Service (AFRS) as a whole, is covered by a few programs, notably Genstat that has an international market. Further developments of these programs are required to make them more accessible to scientists who are not well versed in statistics and to take advantage of technological advances. 相似文献
940.
This is a review article that unifies several important examples using constrained optimisation techniques. The basic tools are three simple mathematical optimisation results subject to certain constraints. Applications include calibration, benchmarking in small area estimation and imputation. A final illustration is constrained optimisation under a general divergence loss. 相似文献