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141.
Aline Chiabai Chiara M. Travisi Anil Markandya Helen Ding Paulo A. L. D. Nunes 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,50(3):405-445
This paper presents a bottom-up methodological framework for estimating some of the key ecosystem services provided by forests
biomes worldwide. We consider the provision of wood and non-wood forest products, recreation and passive use services, and
carbon sequestration. The valuation framework derives per hectare estimates by applying meta-analysis, value-transfer and
scaling-up procedures in order to control for the existing heterogeneities across world regions and forest biomes. The first
part of the study estimates stock values per hectare for each forest ecosystem service in the baseline year 2000 and in the
year 2050. Results differ per geographical region and biome. Carbon stocks represent, on average, the highest value per hectare,
followed by provisioning services, passive use and recreational values respectively. The second part provides an estimation
of the welfare loss (or gain) associated with policy inaction in the period 2000–2050 leading to a change in the forest area.
Welfare results are mixed and require a careful interpretation, ranging from a worldwide annual benefit of + 0.03% of 2050
GDP to an annual loss of −0.13%. The highest damage is expected in Brazil due to the increasing deforestation taking place
in tropical natural forests, which is causing a considerable loss of carbon stocks. 相似文献
142.
Anil V. Mishra 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2011,37(2):223-244
The main purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of real exchange rate volatility on equity investment by Australian
investors. Equity investment is of major importance to savers and investors in Australia. Also real exchange rate volatility
is an important influence on Australia’s financial integration in the global economy. Analysis of the effect of real exchange
rate volatility on Australia’s equity home bias is important since Australian dollar is a commodity currency. There is a close
relationship between Australia’s terms of trade and real exchange rate volatility. Home bias is measured on the basis of free
float-adjusted market capitalization in recognition of the fact that closely held shares are not available to ordinary investors.
Real exchange rate volatility is measured by deviations from purchasing power parity on a bilateral basis between Australia
and 35 countries. The cross-border equity investment data over the period 2001–2007 are from International Monetary Fund’s
Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. Australian investors are found to invest significantly less in a country if the real
exchange rate volatility of that country is relatively high (results that are robust to standard control measures and generalized
method of moments). 相似文献
143.
We argue that the entry of commercial banks into bond underwriting led to the evolution of co-led underwriting arrangements and lowered the screening incentives of underwriters. Lead underwriters in co-led syndicates faced weaker incentives to screen issuer quality. In boom markets, issues underwritten by co-led syndicates were more likely to be involved in financial misrepresentation events. Underwriter incentives in co-led syndicates were particularly weak in industries where commercial banks stole substantial market share. Similar patterns do not hold in bust markets where investors are likely to engage in their own information collection efforts. Our results suggest that competition may have an adverse effect on the incentives of financial intermediaries in market environments where their information production is more valuable to investors. 相似文献
144.
ABSTRACT Despite the obvious problems associated with collections, firms routinely sell on credit. Conventional wisdom suggests offering credit is a necessary evil when dealing with insistent cash-constrained customers. This paper provides a more positive view of trade credit. We find that offering credit can enhance the efficiency of incentive contracts with sales personnel. In effect, with a credit sale, a client gets a second chance to generate enough cash. The client's second chance gives the sales agent another opportunity to demonstrate his past diligence to the firm. Moreover, to limit the risk associated with the fact that even a high-quality client may fail to eventually come up with funds, the firm relies on the accrual system. In particular, the agent's (discretionary and early) choice of the bad debt allowance conveys his private information regarding client quality; the payments associated with subsequent collections/default keep such reporting in check. 相似文献
145.
Fair Trade: Three Key Challenges for Reaching the Mainstream 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
After nearly 20 years of work by activists, fair trade, a movement establishing alternative trading organizations to ensure
minimal returns, safe working conditions, and environmentally sustainable production, is now gaining steam, with increasing
awareness and availability across a variety of products. However, this article addresses several major remaining challenges:
(a) a lack of agreement about what fair trade really means and how it should be certified; (b) uneven awareness and availability
across different areas, with marked differences between some parts of Europe and North America that reflect more fundamental
debates about distribution; (c) larger questions about the extent of the potential contribution of fair trade to development
under the current system, including limitations on the number and types of workers affected and the fair trade focus on commodity
goods. 相似文献
146.
Euehun Lee George P. Moschis Anil Mathur 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2007,31(4):428-435
More than 20 years ago, Andreasen suggested the importance of studying life status changes for understanding a consumer’s likelihood of changing his or her preferences, attitudes and behaviours. The present study attempts to further advance this approach by providing a conceptual framework within which future research can be conducted. It also suggests the utilization of newly developed statistical techniques congenial to studying changes in behaviours and preferences over time. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal data are used to fill gaps in previous research and demonstrate the value of this approach. While Andreasen’s data revealed a significant negative relationship between stress due to life status changes and brand preference changes when subjected to conventional analysis, the two‐way transitional event history analysis of our data yielded a significant positive relationship between the two variables. The results suggest that when a consumer experiences high levels of stress, he or she is likely to engage in subsequent consumption‐coping behaviours which include changes in brand preferences. 相似文献
147.
Having a well‐developed human resource base and a relatively well‐developed capital market infrastructure, Sri Lanka offers a liberal and dynamic investment environment. Over the years, macrostability has been achieved and considerable reforms have been implemented, contributing to a healthy economic growth. This article provides useful information on the business environment and is intended to help foreign businessmen and investors to develop a good grasp of essential background knowledge for being successful in Sri Lanka. It reviews the Sri Lankan political structure, climate, and economy. Sri Lanka's infrastructure, legal framework, and sociocultural set‐up, as well as market structure and potential, are also analyzed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
148.
This article suggests that the new institutionalism contains ambiguous and contradictory notions of change. By setting up a model that explains institutional constraints on decision makers, the new institutionalism correctly points out the limits of a rational choice framework of economic decision making. However, by failing to explain the sources and avenues of modifications of those constraints, the new institutionalism is unable to provide a satisfactory explanation of change. Instead, we find a patchwork of exogenous factors, such as technology, culture, and ideology, which feed into institutional change in unclear ways. This paper reaches the conclusion that those factors for change should be examined directly, rather than through the proxy of institutions. 相似文献
149.
Sports bettors' success depends on the ability to accurately assess the true probability of outcomes. Successful racetrack
bettors can realize returns better than the track take out. Historical empirical evidence shows the presence of favorite-longshot
bias (FLB) in horse racing where bettors underbet favorites. Conversely, bettors overbet longshots. We tested for FLB bias
in racing data from three greyhound racetracks. Our results show opposite behavior. We show bettors apparently underestimated
for longshots, and overestimated for favorites, the true probability of winning. In 10 out of 14 grades bettors significantly
overbet favorites, and underbet longshots in 8 out of 14. 相似文献
150.
Banks as Liquidity Providers: An Explanation for the Coexistence of Lending and Deposit-Taking 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
What ties together the traditional commercial banking activities of deposit‐taking and lending? We argue that since banks often lend via commitments, their lending and deposit‐taking may be two manifestations of one primitive function: the provision of liquidity on demand. There will be synergies between the two activities to the extent that both require banks to hold large balances of liquid assets: If deposit withdrawals and commitment takedowns are imperfectly correlated, the two activities can share the costs of the liquid‐asset stockpile. We develop this idea with a simple model, and use a variety of data to test the model empirically. 相似文献