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111.
Ariel Dinar Keith C. Knapp 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》1988,32(1):1-14
Agricultural production in many semi-arid areas over the world is affected by poor drainage and saline conditions. Optimal agricultural management can be considerably different under these conditions than in locations where these problems do not occur. A long-run steady-state model is developed to analyse several management strategies for a farm with limited natural drainage and no access to off farm facilities. The model is applied to a representative farm in California. Under optimal management, the results suggest relatively small evaporation ponds, a reduction in water application, and little change in cropping patterns. Some drainage reuse is optimal when only variable reuse costs are considered. Returns to land and management are positive in all cases considered and benefits from a free off-farm facility are approximately $260/ha. 相似文献
112.
This paper describes the pattern of reductions in mortality across Brazilian municipalities between 1970 and 2000, and analyzes its causes and consequences. It shows that, as in the international context, the relationship between income and life expectancy has shifted consistently in the recent past. But reductions in mortality within Brazil have been more homogeneously distributed than across countries. We use a compensating differentials approach to estimate the value of the observed reductions in mortality. The results suggest that gains in life expectancy had a welfare value equivalent to 39% of the growth in income per capita, being therefore responsible for 28% of the overall improvement in welfare. We then use a dynamic panel to conduct a preliminary assessment of the potential determinants of these gains. We show that improvements in education, access to water, and sanitation seem to be important determinants of the dimension of changes in life expectancy not correlated with income. 相似文献
113.
Ariel Rubinstein 《European Economic Review》2002,46(8):1369-1378
The paper deals with multiple decision problems, which are similar to the task of guessing the color outcomes of five independent spinnings of a roulette wheel, 60% of whose slots are red and 40% white. Each correct guess yields a prize of $1. The guess of 5 Reds clearly first order stochastic dominates any other strategy. In contrast, subjects diversify their choices when facing a multiple decision problem in which the choice is between lotteries with clear objective probabilities. The diversification is stronger when the subjects face uncertainty without objective probabilities and weaker when the choice problem involves real life actions. 相似文献
114.
We examine the relationship between the economy and the environment in a model where production uses nonpolluting renewable and polluting nonrenewable resources. There is policy intervention through a tax on emissions and a subsidy to renewables extraction/production. Results show that both instruments are able to decrease emissions intensity of output. However, when used together, the desired effect is higher. Empirically it is shown that the subsidy achieves higher renewables intensity and although present emissions per output are similar for both instruments, the subsidy achieves lower future levels. 相似文献
115.
António Brandão Joana Pinho Joana Resende Paula Sarmento Isabel Soares 《Portuguese Economic Journal》2016,15(2):99-127
In this paper, we develop a theoretical model that enriches the literature on the pros and cons of ownership unbundling vis-à-vis lighter unbundling frameworks in the natural gas markets. For each regulatory framework, we compute equilibrium outcomes when an incumbent firm and a new entrant compete à la Cournot in the final gas market. We find that the entrant’s contracting conditions in the upstream market and the transmission tariff are key determinants of the market structure in the downstream gas market (both with ownership and with legal unbundling). We also study how the regulator must optimally set transmission tariffs in each of the two unbundling regimes. We conclude that welfare maximizing tariffs often require free access to the transmission network (in both regulatoy regimes). However, when the regulator aims at promoting the break-even of the regulated transmission system operator, the first-best tariff is unfeasible in both regimes. Hence, we study a more realistic set-up, in which the regulator’s action is constrained by the break-even of the regulated firm (the transmission system operator). In this set-up, we find that, for a given transmission tariff, final prices in the downstream market are always higher with ownership unbundling than with legal unbundling. 相似文献
116.
We examine the association between various components of consumption expenditure and happiness in the Health and Retirement
Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of older Americans. We find that only one component of consumption is positively
related to happiness—leisure consumption. In contrast, consumption of durables, charity, personal care, food, health care,
vehicles, and housing are not significantly associated with happiness. Second, we find that leisure consumption is associated
with higher levels of happiness partially through its effect on social connectedness, as indexed by measures of loneliness
and embeddedness in social networks. On one hand, these results counter the conventional wisdom that “material goods can’t
buy happiness.” One the other hand, they underscore the importance of social goods and social connectedness in the production
of happiness. 相似文献
117.
Fiona M. Scott Morton Ariel Dora Stern Scott Stern 《Review of Industrial Organization》2018,53(1):173-210
Biologics represent a substantial and growing share of the U.S. drug market. Traditional “small molecule” generics quickly erode the price and share of the branded product upon entry, however only a few biosimilars have been approved in the US since 2015, thereby largely preserving biologics from competition. We analyze European markets, which have had biosimilar competition since 2006. Using our own survey, we analyze how market features and public policies predict biosimilar entry, price, and penetration, finding significant heterogeneity across countries and products. Effective buyer institutions are associated with increased biosimilar penetration. Our estimates can inform ongoing policy discussions. 相似文献
118.
Viale Ariel M. Giannetti Antoine Garcia-Feijoó Luis 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2020,34(1):65-97
Financial Markets and Portfolio Management - We investigate the quality of the information that macroeconomic news conveys to the stock market about future business conditions. Our econometric... 相似文献
119.
120.
Tekleab Amanuel G. Reagan Paul M. Do Boram Levi Ariel Lichtman Cary 《Journal of Business Ethics》2021,171(4):741-756
Journal of Business Ethics - Interest in the microfoundations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown over the past decade. In this study, we draw on social learning theory to examine... 相似文献