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91.
92.
The advertising budget allocation decision has been recognized as a critical decision that should receive logical, scientific determination. However, actual decision-making practice indicates that marketers typically use qualitative, non-scientific methods when setting advertising budgets. This article discusses the reasons for this practice by focusing on the properties of qualitative models which make them attractive to practitioners and the properties of quantitative models which make them unattractive. To assist in this analysis, a taxonomy for the classification of various qualitative and quantitative budget models is constructed, the emphasis of which is on the perceived usefulness of a budget model to practitioners. 相似文献
93.
The authors conducted a painstaking review of widely used economics textbooks to determine if or how issues relating to race and gender are treated. In doing so, the authors also shed light on the nature of the treatment of these issues. 相似文献
94.
95.
Arthur Seldon 《Economic Affairs》1985,6(1):17-17
Communist China, in contrast to Russia and other East European states, has a long tradition of markets. Arthur Seldon welcomes the increasing honesty with which the Chinese Government, under Deng Xaio-Ping (right), is rejecting centralised control. 相似文献
96.
Summary The Neyman-Pearson Lemma describes a test for two simple hypotheses that, for a given sample size, is most powerful for its
level. It is usually implemented by choosing the smallest sample size that achieves a prespecified power for a fixed level.
The Lemma does not describe how to select either the level or the power of the test. In the usual Wald decision-theoretic
structure there exists a sampling cost function, an initial prior over the hypothesis space and various payoffs to right/wrong
hypothesis selections. The optimal Wald test is a Bayes decision rule that maximizes the expected payoff net of sampling costs.
This paper shows that the Wald-optimal test and the Neyman-Pearson test can be the same and how the Neyman-Pearson test, with
fixed level and power, can be viewed as a Wald test subject to restrictions on the payoff vector, cost function and prior
distribution. 相似文献
97.
Lee L. Morgan 《Industrial Marketing Management》1979,8(3):187-191
The author presents some thoughts about multinational corporations, traces the evolution of the multinational operations of his organization, and outlines some of the broad challenges ahead for multinational companies. 相似文献
98.
99.
Terry Arthur 《Economic Affairs》2005,25(4):74-76
This article show why Authority ‐ in the form of the Competition Commission ‐ produces harmful consequences when it seeks to impose idealised notions of competition on real‐world markets. The recent anti‐trust measures taken against Microsoft are a classic example of such regulatory failure. Paradoxically, monopolistic behaviour is characteristic of the provision of services by the public sector but draws no response from those authorities charged with curbing monopoly power. 相似文献
100.
Daniel L. McFadden Albert C. Bemmaor Francis G. Caro Jeff Dominitz Byung-Hill Jun Arthur Lewbel Rosa L. Matzkin Francesca Molinari Norbert Schwarz Robert J. Willis Joachim K. Winter 《Marketing Letters》2005,16(3-4):183-196
Measures of households' past behavior, their expectations with respect to future events and contingencies, and their intentions
with respect to future behavior are frequently collected using household surveys. These questions are conceptually difficult.
Answering them requires elaborate cognitive and social processes, and often respondents report only their “best” guesses and/or
estimates, using more or less sophisticated heuristics. A large body of literature in psychology and survey research shows
that as a result, responses to such questions may be severely biased. In this paper, (1) we describe some of the problems
that are typically encountered, (2) provide some empirical illustrations of these biases, and (3) develop a framework for
conceptualizing survey response behavior and for integrating structural models of response behavior into the statistical analysis
of the underlying economic behavior. 相似文献