Investment with a Conscience: Examining the Impact of Pro-Social Attitudes and Perceived Financial Performance on Socially Responsible Investment Behavior

This article addresses the growing industry of retail socially responsible investment (SRI) profiled mutual funds. Very few previous studies have examined the final consumer of SRI profiled mutual funds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to, in an exploratory manner, examine the impact of a number of pro-social, financial performance, and socio-demographic variables on SRI behavior in order to explain why investors choose to invest different proportions of their investment portfolio in SRI profiled funds. An ordinal logistic regression analysis on 528 private investors revealed that two of the three pro-social variables had a positive impact on how much the consumer invested in SRI profiled funds. Moreover, there was proof of a non-altruistic motive for investing in SRI as consumers who perceive that financial return of SRI is equal or better than “regular” mutual funds, invested a greater proportion of their portfolio in SRI profiled mutual funds. Furthermore, the results showed that women and better-educated investors were more likely to invest a greater proportion of their investment portfolio in SRI. Overall, the findings indicate that both financial perceptions and pro-social attitudes are connected to consumer investment in SRI.     

Design and evaluation of ranking-type Delphi studies using best-worst-scaling

The ranking-type Delphi method has received widespread use in a large number of research areas. In order to rank a set of items, ranking-type Delphi studies use different ranking approaches which may be biased. This is intensified by the fact that the number of issues a participant can reasonably rank is limited. This paper describes an approach for the design and evaluation of ranking-type Delphi studies using best-worst-scaling (BWS). The statistical BWS design is based on a balanced incomplete block design to construct the comparison sets. The statistical evaluation encompasses the measurement of stability and consensus with the use of the coefficient of variation. Overall, our approach (1) enables to design a ranking with up to 22 items in a manner that participants can reasonably rank, (2) avoids and overcomes shortcomings of common ranking approaches, and (3) offers a statistical procedure for an unambiguous evaluation.     

The association between individual audit partners’ risk preferences and the composition of their client portfolios

We explore whether audit partners’ attitude towards risk, as measured by their personal criminal convictions, are reflected in the composition of their client portfolios. Analyzing a unique dataset of Swedish audit partners’ criminal convictions, we find that the clients of audit partners with criminal convictions are characterized by greater financial, governance, and reporting risk than those of audit partners without criminal convictions. Also, clients of audit partners with criminal convictions pay larger audit fees, on average, than those of auditors without criminal convictions.     

Attitudes and Donation Behavior When Reading Positive and Negative Charity Appeals

This article tries to clarify whether negative charity appeals (i.e., advertisements emphasizing the bad consequences of not helping) or positive charity appeals (i.e., advertisements emphasizing the good consequences of helping) are more effective. Previous literature does not provide a single answer to this question and we suggest that one contributing reason for this is that different studies have operationalized appeal effectiveness in different ways (e.g., actual behavior, self-rated helping intentions, or expressed attitudes about the ad or the organization). Results from four separate studies suggest that positive appeals are more effective in inducing favorable attitudes toward the ad and toward the organization but that negative appeals are more effective (in studies 1A and 1B) or at least equally effective (in studies 1C and 1D) in eliciting actual donations. Also, although people’s attitude toward the appeal (i.e., liking) was a good predictor for the expected effectiveness in increasing donation behavior (in Study 2), it was a poor predictor of actual donation behavior in all four main studies. These results cast doubt on marketing theories suggesting that attitudes toward an advertisement and toward the brand always lead to higher purchase behavior.     

Strategy and management control systems: A study of the design and use of management control systems following takeover

This paper describes and analyses the approach taken by four well-known Swedish companies to management control following takeover. The findings suggest two factors which can explain how the management control systems were designed and used after an acquisition: the corporate strategy of the acquirer and the business strategy of the acquired company. The case studies show how these forces could impose mutually inconsistent requirements on the management control system of the acquired firm, and also how these inconsistencies were resolved.     

Forecasting with Monetary Aggregates: Recent Evidence for the United States

We investigate the out-of-sample forecasting performance of various monetary aggregates in four-variate models of real output growth, inflation, changes in an interest rate, and nominal money growth from 1992 to 2004 using vector autoregressive (VAR) and regime-switching (RS) VAR models. We consider both Divisia and simple sum monetary aggregates for M1, M2M, M2, and M3 as well as sweep-adjusted M1 measures. We find little evidence that either aggregation method or level of aggregation has a big impact on the forecasting performance of our model with respect to inflation and real output growth. Our results indicate that VAR models with monetary aggregates appear to produce at best marginal improvements in RMSE over VAR models that omit money growth altogether. We also find that RS-VAR models usually provide better one quarter ahead forecasts than comparable VAR models, but often did worse when forecasting inflation four quarters ahead.     

Marketing Opportunities for Certified Pork Chops

U.S. consumers are increasingly concerned about food safety, environmental degradation, and animal welfare at the live animal production stage. In response, meat suppliers are developing food credence certification to secure market access, increase margins, and increase overall demand. The objective of this paper is to characterize the demand and the market potential of a credence certification program for pork in the United States. Information regarding consumer willingness to pay for the conventional and certified products is derived from a latent class random utility model. The willingness to pay estimates are subsequently compared to the costs of implementing the programs at the producer, packing, and retailing stages. One of the findings in this study is that a significant segment of consumers would purchase certified pork at the anticipated marginal cost of certification. Therefore, future studies should consequently focus on the welfare economic implications on consumers and meat suppliers from incomplete adoption of voluntary certification programs on the part of both producers and consumers. Aux États‐Unis, les consommateurs se préoccupent de plus en plus de la sécurité alimentaire, de la dégradation de l'environnement et du bien‐être des animaux au stade de la production. En réponse à ces inquiétudes, les fournisseurs de viande travaillent à l'élaboration de programmes de certification des aliments pour garantir l'accès au marché, accroître les marges ainsi que la demande globale. Le présent article vise à caractériser la demande et le potentiel de marché d'un programme de certification du porc aux États‐Unis. L'information concernant la volonté de payer du consommateur pour des produits classiques et des produits certifiés a été tirée d'un modèle d'utilité aléatoire à structure latente. Les estimations de la volonté de payer ont ensuite été comparées aux coûts de mise en place des programmes aux stades de la production, de l'abattage et de la vente au détail. L'un des résultats de l'étude a montré qu'un nombre important de consommateurs achèterait du porc certifié au coût marginal prévu de la certification. Des études ultérieures devraient donc se pencher sur les répercussions économiques de l'adoption incomplète des programmes de certification volontaires de la part des producteurs et des consommateurs sur le bien‐être des consommateurs et des fournisseurs de viande.     

Gender,Social Networks,and Entrepreneurial Outcomes in Tanzania

This article presents results of a study that investigates egocentric network differences between female and male entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial outcomes in Tanzania. Based on a random sample of 272 micro-, small, and medium-size enterprises, the study reveals that female and male entrepreneurs have diverse networks. However, when compared to their male counterparts, female entrepreneurs' strong ties included more kin members. No significant gender difference in the composition of weaker ties was observed, suggesting gender differences in the choice of individuals with whom to have strong ties but not with whom to have weak ties. A significant gender difference in entrepreneurial outcomes at both start up and at the time of research was found, suggesting an antecedent networking behavior influence on performance.     

Team earnings forecasting

While brokerage houses use both teams of sell-side analysts and individual analysts to conduct earnings research, there is no empirical research examining whether teams and individuals differ with regard to their forecasting performance or purpose. We first examine the most-often researched dimension of forecasting performance, earnings forecast accuracy, and show that teams are less accurate than individual analysts in general and their own individual team members in particular. We conjecture that teams focus their efforts on an alternative dimension of forecasting performance, timeliness, and show that team forecasts are timelier than those of individual analysts in general and their own individual team members in particular. Consistent with the notion that teams trade-off forecast accuracy for timeliness to comply with a market research demand, we show that team forecast revisions are associated with larger market responses than those of individuals. Finally, we illuminate the nature of team assignments by documenting that the firms that teams follow are in greater financial distress and larger in size.