Investment Management and Risk Sharing with Multiple Managers

This paper addresses the investor's decision to employ multiple managers for the management of investment funds. Under conditions such that specialization of managers and diversification among managers are not motives for the use of multiple managers, the paper shows that risk sharing considerations may be sufficient. A model is developed in which the decision to use multiple managers is explicitly treated, and conditions are studied such that an increase or decrease in the number of managers would be desirable. Under some conditions, a multiple manager solution is preferred over a single manager solution.     

The effect of unfunded accumulated and projected pension obligations on governmental borrowing costs*

Abstract. Available evidence suggests that state and local government pension plans may be substantially underfunded. The capitalization of these unfunded obligations in borrowing costs is an important public policy issue, since noncapitalization may lead to the misallocation of credit and stimulate the provision of an inefficiently high level of current services. Prior research has relied largely on pension ratios as surrogates for unfunded liabilities and also appears to have made no attempt to distinguish between projected benefits and accumulated benefits. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board requires the disclosure of projected benefits and asserts that accumulated benefits severely understate the obligations of a governmental unit. The empirical evidence reported in this study suggests that, for state governments, unfunded projected liabilities provide no incremental information to the bond market over and above that already provided by unfunded accumulated liabilities. Résumé. Les données existantes laissent supposer que la capitalisation des régimes publics de pensions à l'échelle de l'État et à l'échelle locale pourrait être largement insuffisante. Le financement des obligations non capitalisées à même les coûts d'emprunt est une question de politique importante, puisque la non-capitalisation risque d'entraîner une mauvaise répartition des crédits et la fourniture d'un niveau de services actuel trop élevé. Dans les travaux de recherche précédents, l'on s'est appuyé en grande partie sur les ratios de retraite comme substituts dans le cas des dettes non capitalisées et l'on semble également n'avoir d'aucune façon tenté d'établir une distinction entre les prestations projetées et les prestations constituées. Le Governmental Accounting Standards Board exige la présentation des prestations prévues et affirme que le chiffre des prestations constituées sous-évalue de beaucoup les obligations gouvernementales. Les résultats concrets de la présente étude donnent à penser que pour les États, la communication des dettes prévues non capitalisées ne fournit au marché obligataire aucune information supplémentaire à la communication des dettes constituées non capitalisées.     

Anomalies in Security Returns and the Specification of the Market Model

We examine the hypothesis originally advanced by Roll 12 that observed anomalies in excess returns can be explained by misspecification of the market model used to estimate systematic risk. We find substantial misspecifications in the model systematically related to size and period of listing of the securities in question. There is some evidence that these misspecifications are associated with systemic biases in measured betas used to construct excess returns.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELDERLY PERCEPTIONS OF THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT*

The decade of the 1970s witnessed the passage of an unparallelled amount of legislation designed to protect the needs of disadvantaged and low income consumers, characteristics which describe many members of the elderly population segment. This research was designed to assess elderly perceptions of the market-place today and of the performance of businesses and government agencies in protecting and promoting their interest as buyers. The elderly, when compared to other population segments, showed a more negative attitude toward the accomplishments of the consumer movement and the role of businesses and government in protecting buyers than other population segments.     

Occupational Attainment and Immigrant Economic Progress in Australia*

Using data from the 2001 Australian Census of Population and Housing, on adult men in full‐time employment, this paper augments a conventional human capital earnings function with information on occupations. It also estimates models of occupational attainment. The results from both the earnings function and model of occupational attainment indicate that the limited international transferability of human capital skills results in immigrants entering into relatively low status occupations when they first enter the Australian labour market. Comparison with similar research for the USA suggests that the different immigrant selection regimes (primarily family reunion in the USA, skill‐based immigration in Australia) do not impact on the negative association between current occupational status and pre‐immigration labour market experience.     

Immigrant Generation and Income in Australia*

Microdata for adult men from the 1981 Australian Census are used to study the determinants of income by immigrant generation. The overseas born, 30 per cent of adult males, have 5 per cent lower incomes than the native born, and ceteris paribus, 7 per cent lower incomes. Schooling and pre-immigration labour market experience have smaller effects for the overseas born. Among the Australian born, those with overseas-born parents have 4 per cent higher incomes overall, but, ceteris paribus, there is no difference. The means and partial effects of the explanatory variables among the native born are not related to the parents' nativity.