互联网信息服务带来改变 消费者确定性、消费者满意度和中国品牌的发展

随着时间的推移,中国的消费者将能够在越来越充分的信息背景下做出消费选择,即使是针对新的、不熟悉的商品。随着时间的推移,制造商会意识到开发质量稳定、品牌知名的优势产品的莫大益处。届时,品牌的价值将大大增加,高质量产品的价格将会上升,劳动力也将得到     

Abschätzung der Varianz stetiger Merkmale aus Intervallbreite und Mittelwert

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The effect of domestic and foreign competition on performance in Australian manufacturing industries

Summary and Conclusions This study investigated the role of both domestic structural factors and tariff protection in explaining inter-industry differences in profitability in Australian manufacturing industries. At no stage did concentration have a significant effect on profitability at the four-digit level of analysis, in comparison to its observed significant positive effect at the three-digit level. Other structural factors appear to be more important in explaining inter-industry variations in profitability in Australia. The effective tariff rate was negatively associated with profitability, the relationship notably being more highly significant in those industries enjoying higher than average tariff protection. It is suggested that this negative relationship for Australia may be due to a similar phenomenon noted in relation to Canadian manufacturing, namely that tariff protection has led to the permanent creation of too many sub-optimal production units, resulting in lower efficiency and decreased profits. A reduction in the effective rate of tariff protection given to high cost Australian manufacturing industries may therefore yield greater efficiency, as well as at the same time permitting the possibility of increased potential and actual foreign competition.This paper was written while the author was Visting Associate Professor at the University of Delaware. Thanks are due to members of the Industrial Organization Workshop at the University of Virginia for comments on an earlier draft, and to the Managing Editor for his suggestions. I am grateful to the Reserve Bank of Australia for support for this research from their Economic and Financial Research Fund. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author alone.