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101.
102.
Current pricing and charging methods for the Internet are not based on actual usage of this service, which leads to unfairness
and more important, it does not deliver the right signals through financial incentives to network providers to upgrade critical
links of their networks. The development of new multimedia applications and the convergence to an integrated services network
will foster the tremendous growth of the Internet even more. With the Next Generation Internet not only technical services
like bandwidth reservation will be introduced, but also new applications will emerge within the Internet.
Charging the Internet in a fashion that provides feedback to users and providers has been proposed since the early '90s, however,
only a few implementations and real-world examples are known today. This is due to subsidizing the Internet in its early stages
and due to a technical development that did not care much about charging. With the recent redesign of the Internet protocol
suite and discussions on multiple service classes in the Internet, architectures for charging and accounting have to be revisited,
too.
Economic models for the Internet cannot be tested fully and validated in non-real-world environments, because of the unknown
user behavior. With this uncertainty over what models and pricing schemes to choose, it is evident that a specific charging
and accounting platform will never be accepted by the community. In this paper a novel and flexible architecture for charging
and accounting is proposed that provides a wide range of mechanisms and lets researchers experiment in an environment as close
as possible to the targeted system. As a first step, four different pricing schemes are described, qualitatively assessed
on the proposed platform, and a prototypical implementation performed. One of the economic models that have been implemented
on Arrow is based on different service classes including reservation and recalculates prices dynamically depending on the
traffic situation.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
103.
Filling the Empty Shell. The Public Debate on CSR in Austria as a Paradigmatic Example of a Political Discourse 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Instead of essentializing and defining what CSR “is”, we analyze CSR as a political discourse in which different actors struggle
to fill the empty shell of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with a legitimate interpretation. In this paper we take the
current debate on CSR in Austria as an example to demonstrate how this debate is shaped by changes in the greater socio-economic
environment. We suggest that this debate might be paradigmatic for the development of CSR in the European/International context.
We argue that the debate and the political moves concerning an implicit or an explicit concept of CSR are rooted in a more
fundamental question: the societal (re-)embedding or disembedding of companies. 相似文献
104.
EU enlargement and governance of the Common Agricultural Policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The requirements for the implementation, administration and control of the application of the current CAP are much higher than they were 15 years ago. The governance problems caused in the present EU by today’s higher regulation density are already severe. The new member countries are even less well equipped than the present ones to deal with these problems. What political consequences should be drawn? 相似文献
105.
Prof. Dr. Bernhard Swoboda Klaus Harnack Dr. Markus Janz Prof. Dr. Thomas Foscht 《Marketing Review St. Gallen》2006,23(2):38-46
Das Sortimentsmanagement weist in der Fashion-Branche eine von anderen Konsumgüterbranchen abweichende Bedeutung auf. Der
Artikel verdeutlicht die Eckpunkte vertikaler Sortimentssteuerung und formuliert daraus Anforderungen an Handel und Industrie
in zweistufigen, klassischen Systemen, wobei für eine st?rkere schnittstellenübergreifende Vernetzung bei der Sortimentsbestimmung
auf den Handelsfl?chen, im Einkauf des Handels bzw. im Verkauf der Industrie und bei der Steuerung der Best?nde pl?diert wird. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
This paper answers, by means of a content analysis of three regional daily papers, the question of whether political journalism in regional newspapers is more entertaining today than it was in 1980. On the level of articles, increased entertainment can consist of using specific design elements. On the thematic level, topics that are entertaining per se (e. g. human interest topics) can take the place of or occur in addition to political information. In all the papers that were examined, political articles possess a larger potential for entertainment today than they did in 1980. Additionally, the percentage of political information has decreased, while the number of articles on human interest topics has increased. Finally, this paper discusses how that result is to be evaluated from the point of view of the theory of democracy: “Infotainment” can be beneficial in some circumstances. Therefore, entertainment should not be disparaged in general; one needs to be careful when assessing it normatively. 相似文献
109.
Ohne Zusammenfassung
Dr. Anne Paefgen war Doktorandin und wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Lehrstuhl für Controlling und Telekommunikation von Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c.
Dr. Sven Schaier ist Mitarbeiter im Department of Professional Practice Audit & Accounting, der fachlichen Grundsatzabteilung der KPMG Deutsche
Treuhand-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft. 相似文献
110.
Bernhard Heitger 《Review of World Economics》1993,129(3):610-619
The period form 1870 to the First World War was a period in which the international movement of people was less restricted
than in any other period of modern times. Large income differential led to large and sustained rates of migration from resource-poor
to resource-rich countries. High rates of natural population growth and a respective increase in population-related costs
enforced this migration to an extent never seen before or thereafter. In addition, migration was strengthened by large decreases
in transportation costs. During the first four decades of this period, transportation costs decreased to one sixth, but then
rose substantially in the course of World War I. 相似文献