The existence of an effective means of citizen participation within public service decision-making forums will be one of the biggest challenges for public mangers in 2010. The establishment of systems which bring citizen representatives into the polity can provide unique opportunities for citizen inputs-one such system is the school governing body, made up of citizen, professional and political representatives. This article reports on an investigation into citizen participation within the governance of schools. It finds that while governing bodies provide the opportunity for citizen participation, citizens are not actively involved in school governance. A number of measures are recommended which may assist in enhancing the citizen governance role. 相似文献
Director compensation can potentially represent an ethical minefield. When faced with supporting strategic decisions that
can lead to an increase in director pay, directors may consider their own interests and not solely those of the shareholders
to whom they are legally bound to represent. In such cases, directors essentially become agents, rather than those installed
to protect principals (shareholders) from agents. Using acquisitions as a study context, we employ a matched-pair design and
find a statistically significant difference in outside director compensation between acquiring and control firms. Outside
directors of acquiring firms earn more than twice as much as their counterparts in the matched-sample.
S. Trevis Certo is an associate professor and Mays Research Fellow in the Mays Business School at Texas A&M University. He
received his Ph.D. in Strategic Management from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. His research focuses
on corporate governance (boards of directors, ownership structure, and CEO compensation), top management teams, initial public
offerings (IPOs), and research methodology.
Richard H. Lester is a clinical associate professor and Director of Academic Entrepreneurship Programs in the Mays Business
School at Texas A&M University. He received his Ph.D. degree in Strategic Management from the Mays Business School at Texas
A&M University. His current research interests focus on corporate governance, upper echelons and entrepreneurship.
Catherine M. Dalton holds the David H. Jacobs Chair of Strategic Management in the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University.
She also serves as Editor of Business Horizons, as Research Director of the Institute for Corporate Governance, and as a Fellow
in the Randall L. Tobias Center for Leadership Excellence. She received her Ph.D. degree in Strategic Management from the
Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. Professor Dalton's research is in corporate governance, with particular expertise
in board composition, board leadership structure, executive and director compensation, and firms' ownership structures. Her
research spans all types of organizations, including entrepreneurial firms, small businesses, large public corporations, and
private organizations.
Dan R. Dalton is the founding Director of the Institute for Corporate Governance, Dean Emeritus, and the Harold A. Poling
Chair of Strategic Management in the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. He is a Fellow of the Management in the
Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. He is a fellow of the Academy of Management and an inaugural member of its
Journals Hall of Fame. Professor Dalton is widely published, with over 280 articles in corporate governance, business strategy,
law, and ethics. Additionally, his work has been frequently featured in the business and financial press including, Business
Week, Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Economist, Financial Times, Boston Globe, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, New York
Times, and the Washington Post. Professor Dalton regularly addresses public, corporate, and industry groups on corporate governance
issues. 相似文献
This paper explores the effects of a “selective acceptance” rule on the outcome of two-issue negotiations. The alternating-offer game introduced here allows for the possibility that settlement may be reached on one issue while negotiation continues about the other. This model captures features of laws that are generally believed to increase efficiency. The analysis shows that if one issue is indivisible, there are inefficient subgame perfect equilibria with no Pareto-improving alternative equilibria. With opposing valuations, rapid communication guarantees inefficiency. These are unique examples of this strong form of inefficiency in an alternating-offer bargaining game with complete (and perfect) information. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, J30. 相似文献
In recent years, preferential trade agreements (PTAs), free trade agreements (FTAs) in particular, have proliferated while WTO negotiations have stagnated. This paper contributes to the literature on trade liberalisation and the agricultural sector by analysing the effects of FTAs on the competitiveness of the dairy sector across 76 countries and over a 20‐year period from 1990 to 2009. With a longitudinal econometric model, the results demonstrate that when a country has a revealed comparative advantage in the dairy sector, FTAs positively influence several indicators of competitiveness in the dairy sector, such as production, market share and trade balance. The results also indicate that multilateral FTAs are more beneficial than bilateral FTAs. There is strong empirical evidence that FTAs are more beneficial to developed countries than to developing countries. There is no statistical evidence to support the hypothesis about a relationship between FTAs and farm‐gate price. 相似文献
To estimate the clinical and economic trade-offs involved in using a molecular assay (92-gene assay, CancerTYPE ID) to aid in identifying the primary site of difficult-to-diagnose metastatic cancers and to explore whether the 92-gene assay can be used to standardize the diagnostic process and costs for clinicians, patients, and payers.
Methods:
Four decision-analytic models were developed to project the lifetime clinical and economic impact of incorporating the 92-gene assay compared with standard care alone. For each model, total and incremental costs, life-years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost–effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and the proportion of patients treated correctly versus incorrectly were projected from the payer perspective. Model inputs were based on published literature, analyses of SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) data, publicly available data, and interviews with clinical experts.
Results:
In all four models, the 92-gene assay increased the proportion of patients treated correctly, decreased the proportion of patients treated with empiric therapy, and increased quality-adjusted survival. In the primary model, the ICER was $50,273/QALY; thus, the 92-gene assay is therefore cost effective when considering a societal willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY. These findings were robust across sensitivity analyses.
Conclusions:
Use of the 92-gene assay for diagnosing metastatic tumors of uncertain origin is associated with reduced misdiagnoses, increased survival, and improved quality of life. Incorporating the assay into current practice is a cost-effective approach to standardizing diagnostic methods while improving patient care. Limitations of this analysis are the lack of data availability and resulting modeling simplifications, although sensitivity analyses showed these to not be key drivers of results. 相似文献
In this paper, we study the social efficiency of private carbon markets that include trading in agricultural soil carbon sequestration when there are significant cobenefits (positive environmental externalities) associated with the practices that sequester carbon. Likewise, we investigate the efficiency of government run conservation programs that are designed to promote a broad array of environmental attributes (both carbon sequestration and its cobenefits) for the supply of carbon. Finally, policy design and efficiency issues associated with the potential interplay between a private carbon market and a government conservation program are studied. Empirical analyses for an area that represents a significant potential source of carbon sequestration and its associated cobenefits illustrate the magnitude and complexity of these issues in real world policy design. 相似文献
We develop a dynamic model to investigate the optimal time paths of carbon emissions, sequestration, and the carbon stock. We show that carbon sinks should be utilized as early as possible, and carbon flow into sinks should last until the atmospheric carbon concentration is stabilized. We rule out any cyclical patterns of carbon sequestration and release. We propose and assess three mechanisms to efficiently introduce sequestration into a carbon permit trading market: a pay-as-you-go system, a variable-length-contract system and a carbon annuity account system. Although the three mechanisms may not be equally feasible to implement, they are all efficient. 相似文献