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981.
Charles T. Carlstrom 《Journal of Economic Theory》2005,123(1):4-20
This paper analyzes the restrictions necessary to ensure that the interest rate policy rule used by the central bank does not introduce local real indeterminacy into the economy. It conducts the analysis in a Calvo-style sticky price model. A key innovation is to add investment spending to the analysis. In this environment, local real indeterminacy is much more likely. In particular, all forward-looking interest rate rules are subject to real indeterminacy. 相似文献
982.
One of the more important issues in applied international economics is the extent to which trade flows adjust to changes in income, relative prices, and exchange rates. In this paper, the literature on the empirical estimation of the demand for imports and exports for the U.S. is surveyed. More precisely, this paper updates earlier surveys by Stern, Francis, and Schumacher (1976) and Goldstein and Khan (1985). 相似文献
983.
Over the period from 1981 through 1999, we investigate the relationship between bankcard delinquencies and key macroeconomic variables. Changes in the proportion of accounts in default are statistically related to the consumer debt ratio. When the delinquency rate is calculated based on the number of dollars outstanding, it is related to the total amount of revolving debt. We also find evidence consistent with a pattern of selective default behavior, in which consumers will default on bankcard debt before defaulting on other types of installment loans. 相似文献
984.
Michel Beine Pauline Bourgeon Jean‐Charles Bricongne 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2019,121(1):117-152
In this paper, we study the role of short‐run factors such as business cycles or changes in employment rates in explaining international migration flows. First, we derive a model of optimal migration choice predicting that short‐run economic fluctuations trigger migration flows on top of the impact exerted by long‐run factors. Second, we empirically test the magnitude of the effect of these short‐run factors on migration flows. Our results indicate that both aggregate fluctuations and employment rates affect migration flows. Third, we provide evidence that the Schengen Agreement and the euro significantly increased the international mobility of workers between the member countries.uuuü 相似文献
985.
What makes recycling work? We study the factors driving household waste disposal and recycling in 18 cities in Taiwan and Japan in order to understand the impact of alternative waste management incentives. We show that this depends on the effect of distinct policies on the relative costs of the main alternative disposal methods: recycling, disposal to landfill and illegal dumping. The willingness both to recycle and to dispose to landfill depends on the relative costs of the waste collection regime, and these are dominated by the time cost of alternative disposal methods. The higher the frequency of waste collection, the less recycling and the more disposal to landfill there will be. This is because frequent collection reduces the marginal time-cost of disposal to landfill. Curbside collection of recyclable material, and the frequency of that collection, has a similar effect on the recycling rate. Although direct incentives, such as unit pricing are important in the waste disposal decision, recycling depends primarily on management of the time-costs it involves. 相似文献
986.
Markus Wråke Erica Myers Dallas Burtraw Svante Mandell Charles Holt 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,46(3):331-336
An important feature of emissions trading is how emissions permits are allocated. The choice between an auction and free allocation
should not influence firms’ production choices nor consumer prices according to economic theory. However, many parties expect
the method of allocation to affect product prices. This paper describes an experimental investigation into price determination
under a cap-and-trade program with different allocation methods. Participants initially display diverse pricing strategies.
However, given a simple economic setting in which earnings depend on behavior, we find that subjects learn to consider the
opportunity cost of permits and overall behavior moves toward the economic prediction. 相似文献
987.
This paper examines the variability of workers’ earnings in Canada over the period 1982–2006. We decompose the total variance of workers’ earnings into a ‘permanent’ component between workers and a ‘transitory’ earnings instability component over time for given workers. We then investigate the statistical relationships between these components and indicators for the business cycle. The most marked change in earnings variances in Canada since 1982 is the general rise in total earnings variance, which is essentially driven by a quite dramatic rise in long‐run earnings inequality. The patterns across age categories of the two variance components are almost opposite. Long‐run earnings inequality generally rises with age, but earnings instability is seen to generally decline with age, so that earnings instability is markedly highest among entry age workers. Unemployment rate effects are positive on almost all variance measures, while higher unemployment is associated with widened long‐run earnings differentials and greater short‐run earnings instability. 相似文献
988.
Using a model of probabilistic voting, we analyze the impact of aid on the political equilibrium in the recipient country or region. We consider politicians with mixed motives: they are interested in promoting social welfare but also value the benefit of holding office. We label as clientelistic the politician who most values the benefit of being in power. We find that the impact of aid on the political equilibrium and therefore on the quality of policy in the recipient country (using utilitarian social welfare as a benchmark) ultimately depends on the value of the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption. When elasticity is low, the expected policy outcome gets further away from the socially desirable policy set. This substitution of policy quality for aid can help to explain the poor performance of aid in improving policy. Perhaps more surprising is the opposite case, which arises for high values of elasticity of marginal utility: an increase in aid tilts the equilibrium policy towards the welfare-maximizing policy set. 相似文献
989.
This article explores the implications of the European single currency within a simple sticky price intertemporal model. We focus on the question of how the euro may change the sensitivity of consumer prices in Europe to exchange‐rate changes. Our central conjecture is that the acceptance of the euro will lead European prices to become more insulated from exchange‐rate volatility. We find that this affects both the volatility and levels of macroeconomic aggregates in both the U.S. and Europe. We find that European welfare is enhanced, and the U.S. shares in Europe's good fortune. 相似文献
990.
Summary. One of the main challenges for monetary economics is to explain the use of assets that are dominated in rate-of-return as
media of exchange. We use experimental methods to study how a fiat money might come to be used in transactions when an identically
marketable, dividend-bearing asset, a consol, is also available. Our experimental economies, which have an overlapping generations
structure, have the property that the only stationary rational expectations equilibria (SREE) require exclusive use of the
consol as the medium of exchange. In a baseline treatment, agents use the consol exclusively, as would occur in an SREE. However,
in other treatments, we observe episodes of rate-of-return dominance,with consistent use of fiat money as a medium of exchange.
The results show that two properties of our economies are associated with the rate of return dominance anomaly. The first
is a history of trading with fiat money, prior to the introduction of the consol. The second is the timing of the dividend
payment; when the dividend payment follows the execution of trades between generations, hoarding of the consol occurs on the
part of the old, who earn dividends by hoarding. In our economies, settling transactions with a dividend-bearing asset does
not improve allocations over those resulting from trading with fiat money.
Received: July 11, 2002; revised version: July 25, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"We thank Anne Villamil, participants in the 2000 Purdue University Conference on Monetary Economics, the Summer 2000
meetings of the Economic Science Association, and a referee, for very helpful comments. We thank the Krannert School of Management
and the Purdue University Center for International Business, Education and Research for financial support and Vivian Lei for
research assistance. We also thank Ron Michener for referring us to the historical account of the early introduction of money
into the American colonies, as reported by Benjamin Franklin.
Correspondence to: G. Camera 相似文献