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21.
We examine how exchange rate regimes affect fiscal discipline by investigating European countries as they transitioned from flexible to fully fixed exchange rates under the Euro. We apply the synthetic control method to estimate, for each Eurozone country, its counterfactual budget stance under flexible rates. Our evidence strongly suggests that fixing exchange rates negatively impacted negatively fiscal discipline. However, effects were not homogeneous, as they were mediated by political factors. For example, countries where policymakers faced a longer political horizon and operated within a more cohesive political environment, managed to perform better in terms of fiscal discipline. 相似文献
22.
Carlos Patricio Samanez Léo da Rocha Ferreira Carolina Caldas do Nascimento Letícia de Almeida Costa Claudio R. S. Bisso 《Applied economics》2013,45(14):1565-1581
The introduction of the flex-fuel cars in the Brazilian market in 2003 changed considerably the consumer decision-making process. Prior to this date, it was necessary to choose the automobile type only by gasoline or by ethanol fuel; today it is possible to choose a car type with both fuel options. This flexibility generates economic advantages for his owner, but what are the financial benefits of a flex-fuel car in comparison with a car using only gasoline? Geographically, where is the owner of the benefits from this flexibility located? This article presents an empirical application of the Real Options Theory in the analysis of the flex-fuel car option for five geographic Brazilian regions: Northern, Northeastern, Central-Western, Southeastern and Southern. The regional price differences as well as the consumer preferences of these regions were met. For this purpose, historical fuel prices were considered stochastic and following a Mean Reverting Stochastic process. The prediction and option values were generated by a Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicated that the option embedded on the Brazilian flex-fuel car adds considerable value to the owner in all regions and car models considered, with the Southeastern Region receiving most benefits by the flex option. 相似文献
23.
Felipe Arias Fogliano de Souza Cunha Carlos Patricio Samanez 《Journal of Business Ethics》2013,117(1):19-36
In this article, we studied the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) of the Brazilian Mercantile, Futures and Stock Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA), with the main objective of analyzing the performance of sustainable investments in the Brazilian stock market, during the period from December 2005 to December 2010. To achieve this aim, we characterized ISE portfolios and we compared its performance with the IBOVESPA (representing the market portfolio) and other BM&FBOVESPA sectoral indices. In the performance comparison, we used level of liquidity, return and risk indicators, as well as the following measures: Sharpe, Treynor, Sortino, and Omega. Our results show that although sustainable investments have presented some interesting characteristics, such as increasing liquidity and low diversifiable risk, they did not achieve satisfactory financial performance in the analysis period. This indicates that the constraints imposed by this type of investment in capital allocation in Brazil may be harming their return and risk attractiveness. 相似文献
24.
Considerable effort has been exercised in estimating mean returns to education while carefully considering biases arising
from unmeasured ability and measurement error. Recent work has investigated whether there are variations from the “mean” return
to education across the population with mixed results. We use an instrumental variables estimator for quantile regression
on a sample of twins to estimate an entire family of returns to education at different quantiles of the conditional distribution
of wages while addressing simultaneity and measurement error biases. We test whether there is individual heterogeneity in
returns to education and find that: more able individuals obtain more schooling perhaps due to lower marginal costs and/or
higher marginal benefits of schooling and that higher ability individuals (those further to the right in the conditional distribution
of wages) have higher returns to schooling consistent with a non-trivial interaction between schooling and unobserved abilities
in the generation of earnings. The estimated returns are never lower than 9 percent and can be as high as 13 percent at the
top of the conditional distribution of wages but they vary significantly only along the lower to middle quantiles. Our findings
may have meaningful implications for the design of educational policies. 相似文献
25.
Many companies decide which services, products, and technologies to include in their product portfolio using evaluation criteria, which often consider cost, quality, risk, revenue, time, and market position. Incorporating sustainability in the portfolio evaluation criteria could ensure the development of sustainable solutions from the early stages of the product development process, where there is more room for innovation. The aim of this paper is to understand how sustainability can be integrated in the company portfolio development. Semi-structured interviews were performed with experts in the field and representatives from multinational manufacturing companies with operations in Sweden. Main findings from this study include a proposed definition of a sustainability product portfolio concept and suggested portfolio evaluation criteria from an industry perspective. Future research will develop a method to guide manufacturing companies in sustainability integration and implementation in product portfolios. 相似文献
26.
Madhubalan Viswanathan Robert Alfonso Arias Arun Sreekumar 《The Journal of consumer affairs》2021,55(1):87-117
We study how refugees in a settlement face extreme marketplace exclusion through three phases of qualitative research. Overlaying the context of subsistence marketplaces, such exclusion is accentuated by refugee status, fleeing from unimaginable suffering. We interpret our findings in terms of relative deprivation, or the state of feeling deprived relative to some social reference, often used to understand how consumers feel deprived in terms of their relative financial status. We extend relative deprivation theory in research, introducing extreme marketplace deprivation. Whereas most relative deprivation research emphasizes social comparisons to other people, our study of the refugee settlement demonstrates the adverse effects of intrapersonal relative deprivation, that is, feeling deprived relative to one's past. We develop a theoretical framework to demarcate types of extreme marketplace deprivation, classifying these experiences in terms of consumption and livelihood along three facets (material, social, and psychological). We derive implications for consumer affairs. 相似文献
27.
J. J. Arias 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2003,31(4):376-383
The most recent U.S. presidential election raised the questions of whether or not agents who believe that losing candidates
will contest the results of close elections perceive their vote as more important and whether or not they will be more or
less likely to vote. The analysis involves a two-player voting game with one of the players initially in a weaker position
because he loses all ties. The key variable is the probability of the weaker player winning the post-election judicial review
process. The relationship between this probability and the level of voting for the weaker player is non-monotonic. Also, if
this probability is sufficiently close to one-half, contesting close elections leads to increased voting, lowering social
welfare. 相似文献
28.
29.
Living in inadequate housing conditions not only supposes a failure of a basic functioning. It also has effects on other essential
aspects of well-being such as health. This study questions to what extent living in poor housing conditions can determine
individuals’ health status once the possible influence of other factors is controlled for. By estimating a logistic model
with individual effects and a housing deprivation index based on a latent variable model, we reach a number of relevant conclusions
concerning the relationship between these two different dimensions of multidimensional well-being. We find a negative effect
of housing deprivation on the individuals’ health, both when housing conditions are introduced in a disaggregated manner in
the model and when they are combined in a latent variable. 相似文献
30.
Biofortified staple foods are currently being developed to reduce problems of micronutrient malnutrition among the poor. This partly involves use of genetic modification. Yet, relatively little is known about consumer acceptance of such second‐generation genetically modified (GM) foods in developing countries. Here, we analyse consumer attitudes towards provitamin A GM cassava in the north‐east of Brazil. Based on stated preference data, mean willingness to pay is estimated at 60–70% above market prices for traditional cassava. This is higher than the results from similar studies in developed countries, which is plausible given that micronutrient malnutrition is more severe in developing countries. GM foods with enhanced nutritive attributes seem to be well received by poor consumers. However, the results also suggest that acceptance would be still higher if provitamin A were introduced to cassava through conventional breeding. Some policy implications are discussed. 相似文献