Evaluating Temporary Certified Emission Reductions in Reforestation and Afforestation Programs

This article investigates the efficiency of the temporary certified emission reductions (tCERs) system that attempts to internalize the carbon sequestration function of the forest under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. We find that the regulations creating tCERs partially internalize the carbon sequestration function of the forest. The amount of carbon re-released into the atmosphere, due to timber harvest, and sequestered, after the project period, is not internalized in the private landowner’s decision, which induces shorter rotation intervals than socially optimal. Furthermore, the carbon sequestered during the project is over-credited because credits are counted based on accumulated carbon instead of marginally sequestered carbon, which induces longer rotations intervals. Simulation results for the Philippines and Tanzania show that the difference in social welfare between the tCERs system and a socially optimal policy is only about 2% because of the countervailing effect of the inefficiencies on rotation interval choices.     

A quantitative appraisal of national economic policy

Zusammenfassung Eine quantitative Bewertung der Volkswirtschaftspolitik. Der Fall Japan. — Der Zweck des vorliegenden Aufsatzes besteht darin, die vorl?ufigen Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Analyse der Wirtschaftspolitik für Japan vorzulegen, die aus einem Modell für eine kurzfristige ?konomische Vorausschau entwickelt wurden. Zun?chst wurde ein Lohn-Preis-Spirale-Mechanismus in die Gleichungen eingeführt. Zweitens wurden Identit?tsgleichungen sowohl in laufenden Preisen als auch in realen Werten aufgestellt, um wirtschaftspolitisch orientierte Experimente zu erleichtern, da die meisten Variablen der Wirtschaftspolitik in laufenden Preisen ausgedrückt sind. Drittens wurden die durchschnittlichen Zinss?tze für Kredite aller Handelsbanken, die durch den Diskontsatz der Bank von Japan reguliert werden, ebenso wie das j?hrliche Verh?ltnis zwischen den laufenden Posten der Zahlungsbilanz zum Bruttosozialprodukt als Schlüsselvariable für wirtschaftspolitische Experimente berücksichtigt und als erkl?rende Variable in die Gleichungen sowohl für die Bildung von privatem Anlagekapital als auch für die Schwankungen bei der nichtlandwirtschaftlichen Lagerhaltung eingeführt. Au\erdem wurde die Kapazit?tsausnutzungsindex-Variable eingeführt, die aus den sektoralen Produktionsindizes durch Anwendung der Wharton-School-Methode gebildet wurde. Die systematische Ann?herung an das Problem der quantitativen Bewertung der Wirtschaftspolitik beruht auf einem ?konomischen Modell, das folgende drei Methoden verwendet: 1. Die Multiplikatoranalyse, 2. Simulationsexperimente und 3. einen Durchführbarkeitstest (feasibility test). Die Ergebnisse dieser Methoden werden dargestellt, und zum Schlu\- werden die Resultate des ?feasibility tests? diskutiert.

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Résumé Une évaluation quantitative de la politique économique nationale. Le cas du Japon. — Cet article présente les résultats de première tentative d’une analyse économique quantitative de la politique économique du Japon, résultats provenant d’un modèle de prévision économique à court terme. On a d’abord introduit dans les équations un mécanisme de spirale salaires-prix. Puis, on a pris en considération les identités exprimées en valeurs courantes aussi bien qu’en valeurs réelles, afin de faciliter les expériments de politique économique, puisque la plupart des variables de politique économique sont spécifiées par les valeurs courantes. Troisièmement, le taux moyen d’intérêt sur les prêts de toutes les banques commerciales — réglé par le taux d’escompte de la banque centrale — ainsi que la relation annuelle entre le compte courant de la balance des paiements et le produit national brut ont été considérés comme les variables principales dans les expériments de politique économique. Ils ont donc été introduits comme variables explicatives dans les équations relatives aux formations de capital fixe privé aussi bien qu’aux changements dans les inventaires non-agricoles. On a introduit également comme variable l’indice de l’utilisation de la capacité, qui fut calculé d’après les indices des secteurs de production, en utilisant la méthode Wharton School. En abordant systématiquement le problème d’une évaluation quantitative de la politique économique nationale, tout en se basant sur un modèle économétrique, on se sert des trois techniques suivantes: 1. analyse du multiplicateur, 2. expériments simulés, 3. épreuve de praticabilité (feasibility test). Les résultats de l’application de ces techniques sont présentés et, finalement, les résultats de l’épreuve de praticabilité sont discutés.

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Resumen Una evaluaci?n cuantitativa de la política económica. El caso del Japón. — El objetivo del presente ensayo consiste en presentar los resultados provisionales de un anál isis cuantitativo de la política económica del Japón, realizado por medio de un modelo de prognóstico a corto plazo. En primer lugar, se introdujo el mecanismo de la espiral salario-precio en el sistema de ecuaciones. A continuatión, se escribieron ecuaciones de identidad con precios tanto corrientes como constantes, para facilitar, en vista de que la mayória de las variables de la política económica viene expresada en precios corrientes, la realización de experimentos pol’tico-económicos. Luego, se introdujeron como variables clave para experimentos politico-económicos y como variables explicativas de la formatión de capital fijo privado y de las fluctuaciones en los stocks no agrarios, el tipo medio de interés para créditos de la banca comercial, que queda regulado por la tasa de descuento del Banco de Japón, así como la relación anual entre las operaciones corrientes de la balanza de pagos y el producto nacional bruto. Además, se introdujo como variable el indice de utilización de la capacidad productiva, que se calculó por el método de la ?Wharton School?, partiendo de indices de producción sectorales. La aproximacíón sistemática al problema de evaluación cuantitativa de la política económica se efectúa a través de un modelo, en el que se emplean très métodos, a saber: 1. el análisis del multiplicador, 2. experimentos de simulación, y 3. una prueba de viabilidad (feasibility test). Se presentan los resultados de estos métodos y se discuten, finalmente, los resultados del ?feasibility test?.

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Riassunto Una valutazione quantitativa delia politica economica. Il caso Giappone. — Lo scopo del presente saggio consiste nel presentare i risultati provvisori di un’analisi quantitativa della politica economica per il Giappone che furono ricavati da un modello per una previsione economica a breve termine. In un primo momento fu introdotto nelle equazioni un meccanismo spirale salari-prezzi. In secondo luogo furono poste equazioni d’identità tanto nei prezzi correnti che nei valori reali per facilitare esperimenti politici orientati in senso politico-economico; infatti la maggior parte delle variabili della politica econ?mica sono espressi in prezzi correnti. In terzo luogo furono presi in considerazione i tassi medi d’interesse per crediti di tutte le banche commerciali i quali sono regolati mediante il tasso di sconto della Banca del Giappone, altrettanto come la relazione annuale tra le partite correnti della bilancia di pagamento per il reddito nazionale lordo come variabile chiave per esperimenti politico-economici e furono introdotti come variabile esplicativa nelle equazioni tanto per la formazione di capitale d’investimento privato che per le fiuttuàzioni nel magazzinaggio non agricole Inoltre fu introdotta la variabile indice di capacità di utilizzazione che si formò dagli indici settoriali di produzione mediante l’applicazione del metodo Wharton-School. L’avvicinamento sistematico al problema della valutazione quantitativa della politica economica si basa su un modello economico che impiega i tre seguenti metodi: 1) l’analisi moltiplicatrice, 2) esperimenti di simulazione e 3) un test di eseguibilità (feasibility test). I risultati di questi metodi sono descritti ed alla fine sono discussi i risultati del ?feasibility test?.

     

Herd behavior in the Japanese loan market: Evidence from bank panel data

This paper investigates whether Japanese banks had been following herd behavior in the domestic loan market from 1975 through 2000. Applying the technique developed by Lakonishok, Shleifer, and Vishny [Lakonishok, J., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R.V., 1992. The impact of institutional trading on stock prices, J. Finan. Econ. 32, 23–43] to the data from loans outstanding to different types of borrowers, we obtain evidence indicative of the existence of herding. City banks in Japan had been following a cyclical pattern of herding with one of the peaks around the bubble period in the late 1980s. Adjusting further for herding resulting from rational behavior, evidence indicative of the existence of irrational herding was observed only in the bubble period. Our estimate indicates that a total of some 5 trillion yen of loan increase by city banks during the period of 1987–1989 can be attributed to irrational herd behavior. The results imply that irrational bank behavior in the late 1980s might have contributed to the problems Japanese banks had with non-performing loans. We also obtained evidence for herding among regional banks and among geographically proximate banks.     

Information Disclosure Policies: When Do They Bring Environmental Improvements?

There has been a growing interest among policy makers on the use of information disclosure policies for pollution control. This paper theoretically assesses the consequences of information disclosure policies and identifies the conditions under which such policies are likely to bring environmental improvements. Based on a dynamic game framework, the paper shows that both eco-labeling and more general full information disclosure policies may not always result in pollution reduction. Full information disclosure policies are likely to be effective if the product is not heavily polluting and if the minimum quality standard is set quite low. The paper also identifies the conditions under which all consumers are strictly better off with information disclosure policies.

Bank Consolidation and Soft Information Acquisition in Small Business Lending

We empirically examine the impact of bank consolidation on bank acquisition of soft information about borrowers. Using a dataset of small business financing, we find that mergers of small banks have a negative impact on soft information acquisition, whereas mergers of large banks have no impact. We also find some evidence that an increase in organizational complexity upon a merger, rather than a post-merger cost-cut, is likely to cause a negative and significant impact on soft information acquisition by small banks. These findings are consistent with the organizational theory that predicts a comparative advantage of simple and flat organizations in acquiring and processing soft information.     

Effects of direct payments on rice income variability in Japan*

The effects of direct payments on rice income variability in Japan are analysed based on a balanced panel dataset of Japanese rice farms for 2012–2016. Firstly, the contribution of income components to rice income variability and the effects of a direct payment reduction are discussed by applying variance decomposition. Secondly, robust regression techniques are used to measure the correlation between direct payments and rice income variability. The originality of this paper is that it disaggregates the effects of payments using a regression analysis of the effects of direct payments on income variability for Japan. This contrasts with the existing literature on this topic, which has largely focused on European Union countries. This paper discusses to what degree the reduction in direct payments increases income variability. The results reveal that direct payments decrease Japanese rice income variability. Indeed, after controlling for various farm characteristics, we find a negative relationship between the amount of direct payments linked to rice production and rice income variability. Finally, the results suggest that reducing direct payments when the rice price is falling would increase rice income variability.