The Layoff Rat Race*

We investigate how discretionary investments in general and specific human capital are affected by the possibility of layoffs. After investments are made, firms may have to lay off workers, and will do so in inverse order of the profit that each worker generates. Greater skill investments, especially in specific human capital, contribute more to a firm's bottom line, so that workers who make those investments will be laid off last. We show that as long as workers' bargaining positions are not too weak, workers invest in specific human capital in order to reduce layoff probabilities. Indeed, workers over‐invest in skill acquisition from a social perspective whenever their bargaining power is strong enough, even though they only receive a share of any investment. More generally, we characterize how equilibrium skill investments are affected by the distribution of worker abilities within firms, the probability that a firm will downsize, and the distribution of employment opportunities in the economy.     

基于“众包”的企业创新模式研究

随着互联网的普及、理性消费的崛起和企业创新的瓶颈约束,"众包"这一概念出现并得到较多实践。首先分析了"众包"的概念和特征;其次梳理了企业创新模式的变迁过程;最后探讨了基于"众包"的企业开放式创新模式的内涵、特征和运作流程,并重点分析了该模式的关键成功因素:"开放与创新"企业文化的培养,有效创新工具箱的开发,科学"众包"激励机制的建立及风险管理机制的建立,以期为我国企业利用"众包"加速产品开发与创新提供借鉴和参考。     

Exploring the landscape of wind farm developments; local area characteristics and planning process outcomes in rural England

Despite broad public support for wind energy in principle, windfarm developments are often met with local opposition. There is theoretical, case-based and anecdotal evidence to suggest that ‘the local’ is relevant for planning process outcomes, but the nature and extent of this relevance is not so clear. We embark on an initial exploration of local factors that, on aggregate, may be of relevance to planning outcomes of proposed windfarms in rural England. Applying a broad scanning approach we use an existing small area GIS dataset of 117 variables related to education, health, demography, employment and housing. We identify a number of strong associations, and discuss to what extent these make sense in the light of existing literature on environmental equity and social capital, or throw up questions for further study. Notwithstanding the methodological caveats of this explorative study, and the scope for more in-depth analysis, our findings suggests that beyond the myriad of individual planning cases, the emerging landscape of wind energy development in England is markedly uneven, and sometimes inequitable. Evidence of the latter emerges notably through the strong significance of local democratic deficit (i.e. low voter turn-out) as a predictor of a ‘positive’ planning outcome for windfarms and the further strengthening of predictive associations at the appeal stage.     

人民币升值与中国国际贸易顺差的相关性分析

近年来,中国国际贸易呈现出显著的顺差趋势,这引起了国际贸易逆差国对人民币汇率的指责:"人民币汇率低估导致其廉价的出口商品占据他国市场".事实上,一国的客观经济基础决定了其汇率对国际贸易的影响.而人民币汇率是由客观经济基础自发形成的,不存在任何形式的操纵.选取2005-2009年的宏观经济数据,针对人民币升值与国际贸易顺差的相关性进行了深入分析,并对如何改善国际贸易格局提出了相关的政策性建议.     

“Social Security-Adequacy,Equity, and Progressiveness: A Review of Criteria Based on Experience in Canada and the United States,” Robert L. Brown and Jeffrey Ip,January 2000

Abstract

We consider an optimal dynamic control problem for an insurance company with opportunities of proportional reinsurance and investment. The company can purchase proportional reinsurance to reduce its risk level and invest its surplus in a financial market that has a Black-Scholes risky asset and a risk-free asset. When investing in the risk-free asset, three practical borrowing constraints are studied individually: (B1) the borrowing rate is higher than lending (saving) rate, (B2) the dollar amount borrowed is no more than K > 0, and (B3) the proportion of the borrowed amount to the surplus level is no more than k > 0. Under each of the constraints, the objective is to minimize the probability of ruin. Classical stochastic control theory is applied to solve the problem. Specifically, the minimal ruin probability functions are obtained in closed form by solving Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations, and their associated optimal reinsurance-investment policies are found by verification techniques.     

互动式教学法在高职公共关系课程中的应用研究

本文结合公共关系学科特征及互动式教学法的优点,结合现代高职院校公关教育特征,对互动式教学法在公共关系课程教学中的应用提出了具体建议。     

教师在英语课堂互动提问的浅略研究

本文引用广东省某英语课堂教学过程的实例,对教师在英语课堂互动提问进行分析,归纳其不同提问类型的语言特征,对区别不同问题类型以及对学生针对不同问题类型做出恰当的回答有一定的参考作用.     

大众知情权侵犯个人隐私权的成因及其制约

个人隐私权和大众知情权是一对矛盾体。媒体在新闻报道中侵犯个人隐私权的状况时有发生,但是其成因却是各种各样的。在深入讨论大众知情权对隐私权侵犯的成因后,得出公共利益、媒体利益和个人利益冲突,是造成这种现象的主要成因;并在此基础上,对如何平衡个人隐私权和大众知情权提出建设性的解决方案。     

试论清代宁绍地区海塘修筑的经费来源与筹措方式

清代宁绍地区海塘修筑频繁,其经费来源及筹措方式具有多样性,主要为政府财政支出和民间各种形式的水利集资。经费是水利工程顺利进行的前提和保证。经费筹措主体力量的变化也可以看出清代社会经济的变迁。     

Liquidity, analysts, and institutional ownership

In this paper, we investigate the empirical relationship between institutional ownership, number of analysts following and stock market liquidity. We find that firms with larger number of financial analysts following have wider spreads, lower market quality index, and larger price impact of trades. However, we find that firms with higher institutional ownership have narrower spreads, higher market quality index, and smaller price impact of trades. In addition, we show that changes in our liquidity measures are significantly related to changes in institutional ownership over time. These results suggest that firms may alleviate information asymmetry and improve stock market liquidity by increasing institutional ownership. Our results are remarkably robust to different measures of liquidity and measures of information asymmetry.