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941.
S. Prakash Sethi David B. Lowry Emre A. Veral H. Jack Shapiro Olga Emelianova 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,103(1):1-30
Environmental degradation and extractive industry are inextricably linked, and the industry’s adverse impact on air, water,
and ground resources has been exacerbated with increased demand for raw materials and their location in some of the more environmentally
fragile areas of the world. Historically, companies have managed to control calls for regulation and improved, i.e., more
expensive, mining technologies by (a) their importance in economic growth and job creation or (b) through adroit use of their
economic power and bargaining leverage against weak national governments, regional and international regulatory bodies. More
recently, the industry has had to contend with another set of challenges that involved treatment of indigenous people and
their traditional land rights, fair treatment of workers, human rights abuses, and bribery and corruption involving local
officials and political leaders. These challenges currently fall outside the traditional areas of regulation and control.
Nevertheless, they pose serious threat to the industry’s business practices because of their global scope, threat to company’s
reputation, and long-term risks of political instability leading to increasing cost of capital. Industry has responded to
these challenges by creating voluntary codes of conduct that would signify their intent to comply with higher standards of
conduct, and assuage public opinion that no further action is called for. These codes, however, lack any monitoring mechanism
and reporting integrity to assure the public that the industry members are indeed meeting their commitments. Consequently,
pressure on the industry continues unabated and with ever increasing calls for mandatory regulation and oversight. This article
examines the activities of one mining company, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, Inc., which has taken a radically different
approach in responding to these challenges at its mining operations in West Papua, Indonesia. While cooperating with industry-based
efforts of voluntary codes of conduct, Freeport also initiated a radically different response through its own voluntary code
that would directly focus on issues of human rights, treatment of indigenous people on whose traditional land its mine was
located; economic development and job creation and, improvements in health, education, and housing facilities, to name a few.
Additionally, the company earmarked large sums of money and involved representatives of the indigenous people in their management
and disbursement. The company took an even more radical action when it committed itself to independent external audits of
the company’s compliance with the code, and that these findings and company’s responses would be made public without prior
censorship by the company. We analyze the nature of corporate culture, vision and risk-taking propensities of its management
that would impel the company to embark on a high risk strategy whose outcomes could not be predicted with any degree of certainty
before the fact. The parent company also had to confront discontent among the management ranks at the mine site because of
cultural differences and management styles of expatriates and local (Indonesian) managers. Finally, we discuss in some detail
the extensive and intensive character of a two phase audit conducted by the outside monitors, their findings, and the process
by which they were implemented and reported to general public. We also evaluate the strengths and challenges posed by such
audits, their importance to the company’s future, and how such projects might be undertaken by other companies. 相似文献
942.
David VanHoose 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2011,39(4):315-328
This paper evaluates the effects of binding regulatory restraints on the rate of performance-based management compensation
within a banking framework in which a primary function of bank management teams is to monitor loans in order to eliminate
deadweight default losses. Available management teams are endowed with heterogeneous levels of monitoring efficiencies, and
obtaining services from more efficient monitoring teams requires payment of higher rates of performance-based compensation.
In equilibrium, a fraction of banks choose to employ management teams that monitor. With or without binding capital requirements,
imposing binding restraints on the allowed rate of performance-based compensation results either in lower bank efficiency
or in a reduced fraction of monitoring banks and, hence, lower aggregate loan quality. 相似文献
943.
David Carson 《国际广告杂志》2013,32(3):423-424
Media fragmentation and proliferation, in concert with declining television advertising efficacy, has engendered interest in developing more effective ways to reach consumers – particularly non-users of a brand. This study explores the effect of active product placement in computer games on both brand attitude (Abrand) and recall. Findings suggest that exposure to a particular brand in a computer game can increase Abrand among consumers whose pre-existing attitude towards the brand in question is fairly low. We conclude that product placement within computer games is an effective means of fostering high spontaneous brand recall and even of influencing consumers less positively predisposed towards a brand (analogous to non-users). These findings have promising managerial implications for firms looking to grow their customer base through acquisition and conversion. 相似文献
944.
The UK financial services industry has experienced a number of sharp discontinuities in its marketing environment in recent years. These have ranged from changing demand patterns to wholesale deregulation and market liberalization. International competition and new entrants exploiting technological innovations have also added to the turbulence in what has been a traditionally parochial and stable sector. Under these conditions, it is to be expected that companies would develop a much sharper customer focus and, if they are to survive and prosper, that they would adopt the core principles of the marketing concept. In this paper, the findings of research which tests this assumption amongst merchant banks, retail banks, insurance companies and building societies are presented. Conclusions are drawn which indicate that there is a growing awareness of the need for a marketing orientation and that some sectors appear to be more customer‐orientated than others at this point in time. Despite this, there is also evidence that in some sectors marketing myopia may be masquerading as marketing orientation and that much work needs to be done to more fully realize the ideals of the marketing concept. 相似文献
945.
Graeme J. Doole David J. Pannell Clinton K. Revell 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2009,53(2):193-212
Sowing phases of French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) pasture between extended cropping sequences in the Western Australian wheatbelt can sustain grain production through restoring soil fertility and reducing selective herbicide use. The objective of this article is to investigate the profitability of rotations involving this pasture under a variety of weed management scenarios to obtain greater insight into its value for mixed farming systems in this region. A stochastic search procedure, compressed annealing, is used to identify profitable sets of weed management strategies in a simulation model representing a large number of potential combinations of chemical and non‐chemical forms of weed control. In contrast to a continuous‐cropping sequence, the inclusion of a serradella phase in a rotation is profitable at high weed densities and with increasing levels of herbicide resistance. A single year of pasture in the rotation is optimal if resistance to Group A selective herbicides is present at the beginning of the planning horizon, but a three‐year phase is required if resistance to multiple herbicide groups is observed. Sowing a serradella pasture twice over a two‐year phase is also shown to be economically attractive given benefits of successive high weed kills. 相似文献
946.
947.
948.
Steve Baron Kim Harris David Leaver Brenda M. Oldfield 《International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research》2013,23(4):395-414
The UK's independent food and grocery retail sector's competitive advantage of 'convenience' has been eroded in recent years as major retailers increase opening hours and develop their own convenience trading formats. As a result, large numbers of independent retailers are closing. A UK-wide survey was undertaken to identify other sources of competitive advantages, and the changes needed to stop or reverse the decline in this sector. Exploratory semi-structured interviews led to the development of a questionnaire on six major issues affecting the sector. 'Snowball' sampling, using industry partners, provided 142 respondents. The provision of a 'social shopping experience' emerged as a key competitive advantage that could be developed. Improving vertical and horizontal trading alliances, and the wider use of information technology, provided other options. 相似文献
949.
The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
According to the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, the context in which decision-making is derived can influence one’s determination to become an entrepreneur. In particular, a context that is rich in knowledge generates entrepreneurial opportunities from those ideas. By commercializing ideas that evolved from an incumbent organization via the creation of a new firm, the entrepreneur (human capital) not only serves as a conduit for the spillover of knowledge, but also for the ensuing innovative activity and enhanced economic performance through resource allocation. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship brings together contemporary theories and thoughts of entrepreneurship with prevailing theories of economic growth, geography, and strategy and therefore explains not just why some people choose to become an entrepreneur, but also why this matters significantly for the economy and society. 相似文献
950.