浅析《围城》中知识女性的群体特征

《围城》写于20世纪40年代,一经发表便被誉为是一部新版《儒林外史》。钱钟书先生在《围城》中用大量笔墨勾勒出了一个个鲜活的人物形象,对于女性人物的描写也颇下了一番工夫。在《围城》中,钱钟书先生通过知识女性形象的独特描写,为我们展现了20世纪40年代中国知识女性的生存状况和人生轨迹。尽管她们的境遇不同,命运不同,但在那个特殊的年代里,她们各自的经历却赋予了她们共同的特征。本文笔者仅从小说中几个具有代表性的知识女性形象人手对她们的共同特征进行剖析,并就此提出自己关于知识女性人生观的看法。所谓知识女性,笔者认为在不同的年代有不同的涵义,在20世纪40年代的中国,钱钟书先生笔下的知识女性是指接受过良好教育的知识分子。《围城》中的这样一群女性可以称之为知识女性群体,她们之间的共同的特征如下:群体特征一:接受良好教育,改变社会地位在旧中国,女性是社会中的弱势群体,正所谓“在家从父,出嫁从夫,老来从子”,没有读书识字的自由。这一切严重压抑着女性的身心,命运无法由她们自己来主宰,她们成为了男人的附属品。《围城》中的知识女性正是通过接受良好教育,获取知识来提高自己的社会地位,力争摆脱男人的束缚,进而主宰自己的命运。主要表现在:鲍小姐由未婚夫李医生出资,一个人到英国伦敦学习产科两年,回国后与李医生结婚并一同挂牌行医;苏文纨在法国里昂研究法国文学,做了一篇《中国十八家白话诗人》的论文,获博士学位;孙柔嘉大学毕业,由赵辛楣引荐到三闾大学任教;在家养病的汪太太,“中国画和钢琴”是她嫁妆里代表文化的部分,好比其他女人的大学毕业文凭和学士帽照片。     

Output gap in Brazil: a real-time data analysis

Recent literature for developed economies has shown that output gap estimates go through important revisions over time, impairing their reliability in real time. We organize a real-time data set for Brazil’s GDP and assess the revisions of the output gap estimated by four different methods. Similar to the findings of studies for developed economies, the output gap revisions in Brazil are substantial in all methods, with frequent changes in the output gap sign. In general, both the GDP data revision and the effect of adding new observations to the sample are relevant sources of output gap revisions. However, differently from those studies, we cannot assert that the latter source is preponderant.     

The gender wage gap in Austria: eppur si muove!

We examine the change of the gender wage gap in Austria between 2002 and 2007 using Juhn et al. (Workers and their wages, AEI Press, Washington DC, pp 107–143, 1991) decomposition. We analyze data from Austrian tax records which we merge with social security records and Austrian micro-censuses of the years 2002 and 2007. We find that the gender wage gap declined from 21 % in 2002 to 18 % in 2007. The main determinant of this decline is the relative improvement of women’s unobserved characteristics. The decline of the gender wage gap is also due to women having attained more formal education and to a convergence of men’s and women’s returns to education. Women’s improved educational attainments were partly offset by a shift in the demand for skilled workers that disadvantaged unskilled workers, most of whom are women, resulting in a moderate decrease of the gender pay gap over these years. Robustness checks confirm our results.     

农村小额保险与小额信贷结合发展及其模式探讨

小额保险是一种新型保险项目,它以低廉的保费为中低收入人群提供能够保障基本生活的保险产品,具有商业性和社会公益性的双重特征,被认为是一项重要的扶贫措施。农村小额信贷在支持三农发展、帮助农村低收入群体脱贫方面起到不可替代的作用。本文分析了小额信贷机构在经营中面临的信贷风险,在对比国际经验的基础上指出农村小额信贷与小额保险相结合的发展模式,是我国发展农村金融可资借鉴的一种良好模式。文中分析指出了农村小额信贷与农村小额保险相结合的必要性与紧迫性,并提出发展农村小额信贷与农村小额保险的政策建议。     

Hedonic price equilibria, stable matching, and optimal transport: equivalence, topology, and uniqueness

Hedonic pricing with quasi-linear preferences is shown to be equivalent to stable matching with transferable utilities and a participation constraint, and to an optimal transportation (Monge–Kantorovich) linear programming problem. Optimal assignments in the latter correspond to stable matchings, and to hedonic equilibria. These assignments are shown to exist in great generality; their marginal indirect payoffs with respect to agent type are shown to be unique whenever direct payoffs vary smoothly with type. Under a generalized Spence-Mirrlees condition (also known as a twist condition) the assignments are shown to be unique and to be pure, meaning the matching is one-to-one outside a negligible set. For smooth problems set on compact, connected type spaces such as the circle, there is a topological obstruction to purity, but we give a weaker condition still guaranteeing uniqueness of the stable match.     

四川省国有控股上市公司社会责任综合评价

国有控股上市公司作为特殊的公众公司,践行社会责任是其可持续发展的应有之义和必然诉求。本文从国有控股上市公司社会责任评价体系的构建出发,运用灰色关联分析法对2008年四川省国有控股上市公司社会责任履行情况进行了综合评价,旨在促进国有控股上市公司与资本市场的和谐稳定健康发展。     

征税成本领先性假设与中国税务组织结构优化——兼析中国国税、地税机构是否存在合并趋势

本文从征税成本领先性假设出发探讨了中国税务组织结构的优化问题 ,并分析了社会各界广泛关注的中国国税、地税机构是否存在合并趋势的问题。本文在对中国现行税务组织机构运行绩效考察的基础上 ,发现中国征税成本曲线呈抛物线状 ,表明中国征税成本正呈递减趋势。以此为出发点 ,本文详细论证了中国国税、地税机构不存在合并的趋势 ,相反 ,分设更为彻底却是今后的发展趋势 ,得出了与一般看法不同的结论 ,并对优化中国税务组织结构提出了政策建议     

银行危机与货币危机共生性关系的实证研究

1 997— 1 998年的亚洲金融风暴中 ,银行危机与货币危机的同时爆发 ,即共生性危机的发生引发国际社会与学术界对这种现象的重新思考 :这种共生性现象是否确实具有普遍性 ?从理论的角度来看 ,银行危机与货币危机之间的确存在着一定的联系 ,但到目前为止 ,很少有研究从实证的角度来证明这种联系的确存在。正是基于此 ,本文从实证的角度出发 ,旨在揭示出银行危机与货币危机之间的确存在着相互影响 ,换言之 ,共生性危机的发生是具有显著性的。具体来说 ,本文以 1 975— 2 0 0 0年期间 53个国家危机的发生情况为研究对象 ,分别运用频率分布、信号法 ,以及概率回归模型来分析两种危机的共生性 ,并得到非常一致的结论 :在新兴市场国家中 ,银行危机与货币危机之间的确存在着明显的相互关系 ,同时银行危机更趋向于作为货币危机即将发生的同步或预警指标 ,而反之则不然。     

On the unique features of post-disaster humanitarian logistics

Logistic activity can be thought of as a socio-technical process whereby a social network of individuals orchestrates a series of technical activities using supporting systems such as transportation and communications. To understand the functioning of the entire system requires proper consideration of all its components. We identify seven key components: the objectives being pursued, the origin of the commodity flows to be transported, knowledge of demand, the decision-making structure, periodicity and volume of logistic activities, and the state of the social networks and supporting systems. Based on our analysis of the differences between commercial and humanitarian logistics, we pinpoint research gaps that need to be filled to enhance both the efficiency of humanitarian logistics and the realism of the mathematical models designed to support it.We argue that humanitarian logistics is too broad a field to fit neatly into a single definition of operational conditions. At one end of the spectrum we find humanitarian logistic efforts of the kind conducted in long-term disaster recovery and humanitarian assistance, where operational efficiency – akin to commercial logistics – is a prime consideration. At the other, post-disaster humanitarian logistic operations involved in disaster response and short-term recovery activities represent a vastly different operational environment, often in chaotic settings where urgent needs, life-or-death decisions and scarce resources are the norm. The huge contrast between these operational environments requires that they be treated separately.     

Measuring scale effects in the allocative profit efficiency

This paper provides an approach to the measurement of the “scale effects” in the allocative profit efficiency. To be specific, we evaluate the improvements of profit that can be accomplished by means of a change in the scale size, once technical efficiency is achieved. New decompositions of the allocative efficiency into a scale effect component and the corresponding residual mix effect component are derived.