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931.
Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. We test whether this influence depends on the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations for achieving economic growth by incorporating the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/managers of young businesses affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development. 相似文献
932.
Geo-collaborative systems address the computational support to situations where people are working in different locations, gathering geographically-related data in the field and sharing knowledge. We propose a conceptual framework identifying the design issues that fundamentally set the stage for eliciting the requirements of geo-collaborative systems. The conceptual framework has five elements: places, teams, tasks, artifacts and geo-referenced knowledge. We also highlight two important relationships between some of these elements: (1) a task-artifact relationship, related with the need to increase the organizational decision making abilities through concerted efforts; and (2) an artifact-knowledge relationship, related with the need to support mechanisms for jointly understanding geo-referenced data. The conceptual framework was applied to the development of a groupware tool aiming to increase the productivity of the geological mapping process followed by a national agency with competence in this area. The paper describes in detail how the conceptual framework influenced the groupware design. The obtained results indicate that the framework can focus the designers on the human aspects of geo-collaboration and guide them through the initial design stages. 相似文献
933.
934.
Many test statistics follow a χ2 distribution because a normal model is assumed as underlying distribution. In this paper we obtain good analytic approximations for the p-value and the critical value of χ2 tests when the underlying distribution is close but different from the normal model. With these approximations we study the robustness of validity of χ2 tests 相似文献
935.
Evolutionary stable stock markets 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Summary. This paper shows that a stock market is evolutionary stable if and only if stocks are evaluated by expected relative dividends. Any other market can be invaded in the sense that there is a portfolio rule that, when introduced on the market with arbitrarily small initial wealth, increases its market share at the incumbents expense. This mutant portfolio rule changes the asset valuation in the course of time. The stochastic wealth dynamics in our evolutionary stock market model is formulated as a random dynamical system. Applying this theory, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the evolutionary stability of portfolio rules when relative dividend payoffs follow a stationary Markov process. These local stability conditions lead to a unique evolutionary stable portfolio rule according to which assets are evaluated by expected relative dividends (with respect to the objective probabilities).Received: 7 October 2003, Revised: 18 January 2005, JEL Classification Numbers:
G11, D52, D81.
Correspondence to: Klaus Reiner Schenk-HoppéWe are grateful to Jarrod Wilcox and William Ziemba for valuable comments. Financial support by the national center of competence in research Financial Valuation and Risk Management is gratefully acknowledged. The national centers in research are managed by the Swiss National Science Foundation on behalf of the federal authorities. 相似文献
936.
Fiscal Shocks and The Sectoral Composition of Output 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
We study the impact of shocks to different types of government spending on the sectoral composition of output for a panel
of EMU member countries. We find that fiscal shocks lead to an increase in the relative size of the nontraded sector, with
the impact varying across the different spending categories. There is typically no significant impact on the level of production
in the tradables sector but the level of imports increases and the level of exports declines in most cases. Overall, the results
show that fiscal shocks matter not only for aggregate variables but also for the sectoral composition of output. The sectoral
output results are consistent with previous work concerning the impact of fiscal shocks on the real exchange rate and the
relative price of nontradables. 相似文献
937.
Sami Alpanda Kevin Kotzé Geoffrey Woglom 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2010,78(2):170-191
We build a small open economy New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for South Africa similar to Steinbach et al. We abandon their assumption of complete risk sharing with the foreign economy, and introduce country risk shocks to allow deviations from uncovered interest rate parity. These changes allow us to include the exchange rate as an observable variable in the estimation of the model. Using forecast error variance decompositions and historical decompositions, we show that country risk shocks have sizable effects on the South African business cycle. We also explore the optimal monetary policy implications of our model within the context of Taylor rules. 相似文献
938.
Ana Belén Ramos-Guajardo Ana Colubi Gil González-Rodríguez María Ángeles Gil 《Metrika》2010,71(2):185-202
A procedure to test hypotheses about the population variance of a fuzzy random variable is analyzed. The procedure is based
on the theory of UH-statistics. The variance is defined in terms of a general metric to quantify the variability of the fuzzy
values about its (fuzzy) mean. An asymptotic one-sample test in a wide setting is developed and a bootstrap test, which is
more suitable for small and moderate sample sizes, is also studied. Moreover, the power function of the asymptotic procedure
through local alternatives is analyzed. Some simulations showing the empirical behavior and consistency of both tests are
carried out. Finally, some illustrative examples of the practical application of the proposed tests are presented. 相似文献
939.
Dorothée Brécard 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,49(3):387-403
We examine the impact of an emission tax in a green market characterized by consumers’ environmental awareness and competition
between firms for both environmental quality and product prices. The unique aspect of this model comes from the assumption
that the cost for an increase in quality is fixed. We show that the emission tax improves welfare, thanks to a decline in
pollution and despite an accentuation of product differentiation. The higher the marginal environmental damage is, the higher
the optimal tax will be. The optimal tax, however, becomes lower than the marginal damage when the market is not too large.
Finally, when marginal environmental damage is not too low, the optimal tax leads to a green product monopoly. 相似文献
940.
Stephen Young Pavlos Dimitratos Léo-Paul Dana 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2003,1(1):31-42
International entrepreneurship (IE) research has commonly neglected significant perspectives applied by international business scholars. Explanations for the emergence and growth of international entrepreneurial firms largely focus on the resource-based view and the network perspective. While these approaches are useful, we suggest that IE would benefit significantly from a greater emphasis on its international nature. Therefore, theories of international business should be employed in conjunction with other approaches in order to appropriately emphasize the international character, holistically study the IE notion, and considerably broaden the scope of IE examination. Suggestions for relevant research directions are discussed. 相似文献