Pricing and Capital Allocation for Multiline Insurance Firms

We study multiline insurance companies with limited liability. Insurance premiums are determined by no‐arbitrage principles. The results are developed under the realistic assumption that the losses created by insurer default are allocated among policyholders following an ex post, pro rata, sharing rule. In general, the ratio of default costs to expected claims, and thus the ratio of premiums to expected claims, vary across insurance lines. Moreover, capital and related costs are allocated across lines in proportion to each line's share of a digital default option on the insurer. Our results expand and generalize those derived elsewhere in the literature.     

China's Recent Economic Performance and Future Prospects*

Our forecast of China's economic future is based primarily on the supply side growth accounting model. The life cycle model of household saving provides us with the most plausible explanation for a continued high rate of savings and investment. China's labor force will soon stop growing, but migration out of agriculture should have little impact on farm output while providing a steady stream of labor to the modern more productive sectors. There is also room for rapid expansion of human capital. Maintaining high productivity growth will depend primarily on strengthening currently weak institutions, notably the financial sector and, more importantly, the legal system.     

The misuse of statistical techniques in evaluating sampling data

The article points out that a large proportion of primary research being carried out in at least one functional area of business may be suspect because of the casual procedures being used to gather data. Specifically, many researchers in their attempts to facilitate the problems and costs of amassing data are abandoning procedures that guarantee randomness of the elements being selected for investigation. The article reviews the more typical types of errors being made, and concludes with an example of how such procedural errors can lead to large statistical biases and unjustified conclusions.     

A formal set of algorithms for project scheduling with critical path scheduling/material requirements planning

A hybrid model combining the critical path method (CPM) with material requirements planning (MRP) has been suggested (Aquilano) as a more robust method for scheduling projects and resources. The primary advantage of this technique is that resource acquisition lead times as well as inventory records are integrated into the process of computing the project schedule. This paper presents a set of formal CPM/MRP algorithms that may be used to compute the early and late start schedules as well as the critical sequence. A number of modifications have been incorporated into the CPM/MRP technique to improve the viability of CPM/MRP as a tool for application to actual project scheduling problems. A simple example project is used to demonstrate the CPM/MRP model.The CPM/MRP technique is designed to overcome a basic shortcoming of previously suggested project scheduling methodologies. CPM was initially designed to schedule projects subject to technological constraints only. Later, additional techniques were introduced to consider constraints upon various aspects of resource availability (Davis). None of the suggested techniques attempted to integrate resource acquisition lead time with the generation of requirements for resources. Obviously such a technique would require the integration of inventory records into the scheduling technique.The combination of CPM and MRP provides a possible vehicle for overcoming this drawback in CPM. Both CPM and MRP are linear models that generate schedules based upon precedence relationships. An integrated approach is useful since activities could be scheduled subject to information about the inventory position. An activity may be scheduled as soon as all resources are on hand. It is only delayed by those resources which must be acquired and activities which proceed it in the project network.CPM/MRP also shows promise as an aid to constrained resource scheduling since computations regarding resource availability are an integrated part of the technique. The effect of resource allocation decisions is immediately evident in the MRP-type time phased records.Results of the tests run on short projects of up to 300 activities and resources have shown that the program does work satisfactorily. Execution time for a 300 item network tested was approximately ten seconds on a CYBER 175.     

How to turn marketing students into millionaires: Decision making for personal wealth management

Marketing promotes exchange, consumption, selling, and retailing in a society bent on spending and living beyond its means. In the meantime, students’ debts continue to spiral. Marketing professors should teach students how to resist salespeople, retailers, and advertising pitches, and strive to save and invest rather waste financial resources. Frugality is the cornerstone of wealth accumulation. It is not one's income that serves as the primary indicator of one's wealth; the primary indicator is how much goes into savings and investments. A paltry one-time $2,000 investment in a Roth IRA during a student's undergraduate years may balloon to $194,000 by the time the student retires from the workforce. Savings, investments, compound interest, marriage, education, and voluntary simplicity compound into a financially rewarding lifelong journey for the frugal student who resists a consumption-oriented culture.