The role of low expectations in health and education investment and hazardous consumption

Abstract .  Young people with little 'social or health capital' may be more likely to take up hazardous consumption and shun investments in human capital, raising their likelihood of a 'rags to rags' sequence. First, diminishing marginal utility could raise the marginal benefit of hazardous consumption and the cost of investment. But poor youths may also have lower expectations of future success, independent of the choices they make. Lower expectations of success could reduce the future cost of hazardous consumption and benefit of investment. We test the effect of expectations on decisions to smoke, drink hazardously, exercise, and complete high school, using a longitudinal study of youth in New Zealand. We find that 15-year-olds' expectations of success predict the subsequent onset of smoking, lack of exercise, and failure to complete high school, but not hazardous drinking. While some of the influence of expectations can be explained by low social and health capital, IQ, and other factors, expectations retain a direct effect on smoking and exercise once these other factors are controlled for.     

Enhancing the application of experiential marketing in the arts

While experiential marketing has become a cornerstone of recent advances in retailing, branding and events marketing, there is potential for its application in arts marketing to be extended and improved. The two main goals of this paper are to introduce and explain the Pine and Gilmore experiential marketing framework[Pine, II, B. J. and Gilmore, J. H. (1999) ‘The Experience Economy’, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.] and its relevance to arts marketing; and to discuss the implications of Pine and Gilmore's work for two specific areas of arts marketing: the unique dimensions of the arts experience, and the strategic and tactical steps involved in staging an experience. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

Evaluating Alternative Mortgage Instruments for Low-equity Ontario Dairy Farms

The current debt repayment problems facing many farmers have led to requests for changes in farm financing mechanisms for the sector. Two such debt repayment instruments, namely the shared risk mortgage and commodity-based loan mortgage, were recently introduced by the Farm Credit Corporation. This study is a comparative evaluation of their potential to adjust the cash flow repayment requirements of these mortgages, compared with a floating-interest-rate conventional mortgage, using an average Ontario dairy farm as a case study. The results of the analysis show that the changes in the mortgage interest and principal repayment conditions improved the cash flow positions of the farms relative to the conventional mortgage. The study thus concludes that the changed mortgages offer some prospect for improving farm net cash flows when interest rate levels are reduced at least for a short period and when fluctuations in interest rates are limited. However, the major impact of these changes in mortgage conditions is related to this level of interest rate charged, and other methods of reducing or delaying interest charges on farm mortgages may be equally successful in improving net cash flows of farmers with relatively large debts. Les problèmes financiers dont font face actuellement les producteurs agricoles ont amenés une remise en cause des mécanismes de financement du secteur agricole. Deux instruments de paiement de la dette, l'hypothèque à risque partagé (SRM) et le prêt basé sur les prix (CBLM), ont été récemment introduits par la Société du Crédit Agricole. Cette étude évalue le potentiel de ces deux instruments à ajuster les remboursements requis, comparativement à l'hypothèque conventionnelle à taux d'intérêt variable, en utilisant comme étude de cas, une ferme laitière moyenne type de l'Ontario. Les résultats de l'analyse montrent que les changements dans le remboursement en capital et intérêt améliorent la position de cashflow des fennes comparativement à l'hypothèque conventionnelle. L'étude conclue que les deux nouveaux instruments étudiés offrent des espoirs d'amélioration des cashflows nets des fermes lorsque le niveau des taux d'intréêts est réduit pour au moins une courte période et que les fluctuations de ceux-ci sont limitées. Cependant, l'impact majeur des changements dans les conditions de l'hypothèque est relié au niveau du taux d'intérêt demandé et d'autres méthodes de réduction ou de retarement des frais d'intérêts sur les hypothèques agricoles peuvent être également bénéfique dans l'amélioration du cashflow net des producteurs relativement endettés.     

The Economics of Erosion and Sediment Control in Southwestern Ontario

This paper compares the costs of off-farm damage from sediment displaced through erosion from southern Ontario cropland with the costs of erosion control to farmers using available conservation tillage techniques. The SOILEC model is used to simulate the long-run on-farm profitability of alternative tillage systems. The Guelph model for evaluating the effects of Agricultural Management systems on Erosion and Sedimentation (GAMES) is used to estimate changes in sediment delivery rates under different production systems. The results of the analysis indicate that the off-farm gains from the use of conservation tillage generally exceed the on-farm costs of erosion control for southwestern Ontario growing conditions. Le présent document compare les coûts des dommages causés à l'extérieur des régions agricoles par le déplacement des sédiments sous l'effet de l'érosion des terres agricoles du sud de l'Ontario aux coûts des techiques de conservation du sol devant être utilisées par les agriculteurs pour lutter contre l'érosion. Le modèle SOILEC est utilisé pour simuler la rentabilitéà long terme, pour les agriculteurs, d'autres techniques de travail du sol. Le modèle Guelph pour évaluer les effets des systèmes de gestion agricole sur l'érosion et la sédimentation (GAMES) a également été utilisé pour estimer la variation du taux d'écoulement des sédiments en fonction de différents systèmes de production. Les résultats de l'analyse indiquent que les gains à l'extérieur de la ferme résultant de l'application de techniques de conservation sont en général supérieurs aux coûts des mesures de lutte contre l'érosion devant être utilisées à la ferme, dans les conditions de culture s'appliquant au sudouest de l'Ontario.     

Analysis of efficient markets

A simple trading model is presented in which Bayes’ rule is used to aggregate traders’ forecasts about risky assets’ future returns. In this financial market, Bayes’ rule operates like an omnipotent market-maker performing functions that in 1776 Adam Smith attributed to an “invisible hand.” We have analyzed two distinct cases: in the first scenario, the traders’ forecast errors are uncorrelated, and in the second scenario, the traders’ forecast errors are correlated. The contribution of our paper is fourfold: first, we prove that the “efficient market” mean-return can be expressed as a complex linear combination of the traders’ forecasts. The weights depend on the forecast variances, as well as on the correlations among the traders’ forecasts. Second we show that the “efficient” variance is equal to the inverse of the sum of the traders’ precision errors, and is also related to the correlations among the traders’ forecast errors. Third, we prove that the efficient market return is the best linear minimum variance estimator (BLMVE) of the security’s mean return (in the sense that it minimizes the sum of the traders’ mean squared forecast errors). Thus, an efficient market aggregates traders’ heterogeneous information in an optimal way. Fourth, we prove that an efficient market produces a mean return (price) as a Blackwell sufficient (most informative) experiment among all possible aggregated expected return (price) forecasts.     

Private equity, ‘union recognition’ and value extraction at the Automobile Association: The GMB as an emergency service?

This article evaluates union recognition and ‘value extraction’ in a private equity buy‐out. The article reviews private equity, investor value and ownership interests, details union recognition at the Automobile Association (AA) before and after its acquisition by private equity, and reviews the GMB's wider campaign of opposition to private equity ownership.     

SOCIAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC LIFE IN BRITAIN IN THE 1980s

Books reviewed in this article:
Duncan Gallie, Catherine Marsh, and Carolyn Vogler (eds.) (1994) Social Change and the Experience of Unemployment.
Jill Rubery and Frank Wilkinson (eds.) (1994) Employer Strategy and the Labour Market.
Alison McEwan Scott (ed.) (1994) Gender Segregation and Social Change: Men and Women in Changing Labour Markets.
Roger Penn, Michael Rose, and Jill Rubery (eds.) (1994) Skill and Occupational Change.
Michael Anderson, Frank Bechhofer, and Jonathan Gershuny (eds.) (1994) The Social and Political Economy of the Household.
Duncan Gallie, Roger Penn, and Michael Rose (eds.) (1996) Trade Unionism in Recession.     

The Poverty of Politics: How Income Redistribution Hurts the Poor

In spite of the significant research literature identifying a tradeoff between income redistribution and economic growth, massive public programs have been implemented to help the poor by transferring income to them. Since Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty began in 1964, over 3.5 trillion dollars have been transferred. However, the possibility that everyone, including the poor, may in fact be made worse off by the transfer has largely been ignored. With a simple algebraic model, the authors demonstrate that, over time, both high and low-income groups are harmed by redistribution. In addition, social mobility, as well as political concerns with relative poverty and international income redistribution increases the damage to all income groups produced by redistribution.     

Interpersonal influence and consumer innovativeness

Innovators represent a small and somewhat elusive group of consumers who are often the earliest adopters of new products. As such, marketing researchers and practitioners alike are interested in determining the personality characteristics that influence innovators to purchase a new product early in the product life cycle. This correlational study examined the relationships of three of these characteristics (susceptibility to interpersonal influence, attention to social comparison information, and role‐relaxed consumption) to individual innate innovativeness. Data were collected using self‐report surveys administered to 326 students at a large public university in the south‐east United States. The results supported hypothesized negative relationships between consumer innovativeness and both susceptibility to interpersonal influence and attention to social comparison information, as well as a positive relationship between consumer innovativeness and role‐relaxed consumption.