Quantifying perceived differences in type styles: An exploratory study

This article reports on the results of an experiment to determine whether type style is a significant influence on readers' affective response to print. A repeated-measures, full-factorial design employing 250 subjects revealed that readers respond differently to both serif and sans serif general print types and to specific types within these major classifications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

风险企业的模式与行业分布探究

风险投资自从1998年登陆中国大陆以来，经历了热情、盲目、低谷、复苏等阶段，2005年无锡尚德在美国纽约交易所成功上市，使中国又诞生了一个新的首富。风险投资的魅力重心绽放出绚丽的色彩。在这样的背景下需要我们以理性的姿态重新审视风险投资的客体：风险企业。 为此，我们以美国等西方国家某个阶段为例，分析了风险企业的模式、阶段、行业分布等。同时，就风险企业的理论进行了探究。 关于风险企业的理论研究，首先从新古典经济学关于企业论述的局限性开始。新古典经济学把企业看作是一种投入和产出之间的技术关系。它的“厂商理论”只是与消费者理论（consumer theory）对应的供给理论，而不是企业理论。 科斯关于企业的理论论述则有突破之处，即“交易费用”的引入。但是，科斯的企业理论也有忽略之处。比如，科斯的企业理论使交易费用适当地成为分析的中心概念，但科斯的理论较少可操作性，不能以系统的形式运用于估价风险企业和市场之间完成交易的效率。 从企业发展的三个阶段，即“古典式企业和企业制度”；“现代企业和股份公司制度”；“后现代式企业和企业制度”来看，风险企业不同于以上我们所讨论的任何种类的企业。它从属于所谓的“后现代企业”或“泛风险企业”。我们将紧紧围绕这个方面进行理论的探讨。     

Do New Product Development Managers in Large or High-Market-Share Firms Perceive Marketing-R&D Interface Principles Differently?

In the quest for successful innovation, the importance of the R&Dlmarketing interface is virtually unquestioned. For many organizations, however, effective integration of technical and marketing functions is difficult, if not impossible. Despite seemingly widespread understanding of fundamental new product principles, some companies still manage to gain a larger share of the market than their competitors. This raises the question of whether managers in more successful companies have special insights into R&D'/'marketing interface principles that give them an edge over their competitors. To gain a better understanding of managers' perceptions of new product principles defined in the academic literature, Ted Haggblom, Roger J. Calantone, and C. Anthony Di Benedetto conducted a survey of 687 nonacademic members of the Product Development and Management Association. The basis for the survey was a set of 78 product management principles compiled from a search of more than 500 books and articles from various disciplines. From this survey, 14 of the 78 principles were selected as relevant to the study reported in this article. The principles discussed in this article involve such issues as resistance to change, short-term orientation, communication and trust between marketing and technical people, the effect of centralized decision-making on innovation, the importance of open communication flows, senior management's role in the R&D I marketing interface, and the necessity of a product champion. The primary quesstion addressed in this study is whether managers from successful companies perceive these principles differently from managers of less successful firms. The study provides partial support for the proposition that managers' perceptions of these new product principles depend on their company's success. In other words, the survey results suggest that managers in companies with higher market shares tend to agree more strongly with these principles than their counterparts in less successful firms. The study also explores the relationship between firm size and agreement with these principles of new product success. Specifically, the study assesses whether the perceptions of managers from smaller, more entrepreneurial companies differ from those of managers in larger companies. Although managers from small and large firms may view these principles from different perspectives, there were no statistically significant differences in the perceptions of managers from small and large firms.     

Changing Pay Systems,Occupational Concentration and the Gender Pay Gap: Evidence from Australia and the UK

While aggregate level pay equity comparisons between Australia and the UK confirm expectations based on their different wage distributions and regulatory systems, observation of trends and occupational level analysis reveal additional complexity. Our analysis suggests the need for a multi‐faceted approach to closing the average gender pay gap.     

铁路局运输指挥安全信息系统的构建

根据铁路局运输指挥系统担负的日常工作内容和涉及的业务部门,提出建立铁路局运输指挥安全信息系统,主要包括业务系统的安全基础信息、处理安全事件的临时信息和安全管理辅助决策信息。在分析系统建设可行性的基础上,对系统的目标设计、功能设计、数据设计、结构设计和管理设计进行了分析论述。     

Business Ethics in Canada: Distinctiveness and Directions

This article examines the pressures and players that have shaped business ethics in Canadian corporations, and reports on the status of Canadian corporate social performance in 1995. Business in Canada has not been subject, up to 1996, to a powerful national institutional framework such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Consequently, business ethics in Canada have developed primarily in response to broader socio-political and socio-economic factors than in the US, and will probably continue to do so. Interestingly, the issues, policies and practices developed in Canada may provide insights for US corporations as they respond to broadened pressures. Business ethics in Canada, on the other hand, will benefit increasingly from the US experience as pressures grow for national regulation and statutes governing corruption.     

新制度经济学视野下的城市群协调发展探讨

城市群现象是城市区域化、区域城市化的结果，更是政治、资本、技术、制度和自然资源多者共同选择、作用的结果。城市化史表明，这种现象只有在那些具有良好区位和自然社会经济条件的地区才能出现。城市群地区形成后，由于具有优良的基础设施、易于形成城市规模效益和范围经济，从而成为企业布局、人口迁移的主要选择，成为国家社会经济发展的支柱。但同时，由于众多城市在一定地域内集聚发展，也会加剧城市之间的竞争，带来对资源、市场的争夺，城市之间的摩擦、冲突会加剧，导致不协调发展现象。