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991.
Andreas Chai 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2011,13(3):181-203
This paper posits that significant changes in 19th century British recreational travel patterns resulted from a change in
the manner in which tourists used entertaining stimuli in order to attain pleasure. Consumers no longer merely viewed arousing
stimuli, but attempted to use them to produce emotional states of being which they could partially modify to intensify pleasurable
feelings (Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain, William Heinemann, 2003). The impetus for this modification stemmed from an increasing awareness that emotional responses could be to some degree
self-cultivated, as embodied in the Romantic ethos that become popular at the time via the emergence of the paperback novel
and magazine industry (Campbell, The romantic ethic and the spirit of modern consumerism, Blackwell, 1987). By learning how to manipulate and modify mental images in a way that may not necessarily correspond with objective reality,
Romantic tourists learned to elicit pleasure through engaging of their imagination. Such a change in the mode of pleasure
seeking had important long run economic consequences for tourist regions throughout the European continent. 相似文献
992.
993.
994.
利乐包是瑞典利乐公司的研发产品,因其使用方便,造型新颖,印刷精美,保质期长达8个月,因而被广泛应用于乳制品等行业.利乐包使用纸铝塑复合材料,从内到外共有6层结构,基材相互高强度黏结从而拥有保鲜的效果.正是因为其复杂的结构,导致利乐包回收利用上的困难.如果不对利乐包加以回收利用,一方面造成较严重的环境污染,另一方面造成优质资源的浪费.做好利乐包的回收再利用既有社会效益也有经济效益.多年来,各国对利乐包的再利用技术展开了相应的研究. 相似文献
995.
各种组织都存在职位的继任。在任者需要决定当期产出以及留给继任者的转移支付。通过博弈分析可以发现,存在转移支付占个人总贡献的比例为常数的均衡策略,但要同时满足组织总产出最大化目标的难度较大。当参与人只参与一次博弈,则不同类型的参与人策略选择不同,博弈的解是贝叶斯均衡。当某些参数因人而异时,每个参与人的转移支付比例也不一样。如果在任者对于未来贡献的效用评价很低或者无法获得相应的回报时,将出现短视行为、政绩工程和组织中的利他行动提供不足。而在家族式组织的继任中,参与人效用函数受家族关系的影响并且对于继任者人选的限制使得个人和组织最优化目标的偏离扩大。 相似文献
996.
Nicholas Apergis Emmanuel Mamatzakis Christos Staikouras 《International Advances in Economic Research》2011,17(3):258-273
This paper examines whether the efficiency market hypothesis for the Greek sovereign debt holds. As in Blanco et al. (2005) we test the theoretical equivalence of credit default swap (CDS) and spreads that dictates a CI relationship between the
two. The main innovation of the present analysis is the use of a threshold vector error-correction (TVECM) model, thus allowing
thresholds within the sample covering the period 1990 to 2010. Moreover, by employing this methodology we are able to evaluate
the degree and dynamics of transaction costs resulting from various events due to external market imperfections but also domestic
factors. The main hypothesis we test is to what extent spreads and CDS are indeed integrated that may result in an efficient
and integrated segniorage capital market. Our findings support the gradual integration hypothesis. We find that spreads and
CDS are cointegrated, though threshold effects are also revealed in terms of events that have impacted on markets. 相似文献
997.
The ongoing debate on the efficiency of a federal system versus a centralized system has lead to a diverse and unclear empirical
picture of the effects of fiscal decentralization on public sector growth. For analyzing these effects it is crucial to consider
the sub-national decision power on taxing and spending. In the current paper, we test for the effects of fiscal autonomy on
total government expenditure using time series from 1955 to 2007 for Austria. Determinants of government expenditure are economic
growth, fiscal illusion of policy makers, and the unemployment rate. We additionally account for different degrees of sub-national
fiscal autonomy. Our econometric results suggest that the often-hypothesized dampening effects of fiscal autonomy cannot be
corroborated for the Austrian system. 相似文献
998.
Alexander Fink 《Constitutional Political Economy》2011,22(2):173-190
Social contractarians commonly take social contracts to be solely hypothetical and refrain from elaborating on the factors
that influence the feasibility of the formation of social contracts. In contrast, this paper aims at providing a discussion
of the conditions affecting the feasibility of social contracts. I argue that the more aligned the preferences of group members
for public goods are, the more the individuals share similar social norms, and the smaller the group is the more feasible
a genuine social contract becomes. I provide evidence in support of my contention from the medieval Hanseatic League. At the
Hanseatic Kontor in Novgorod, one of the four major trading posts of the Hanseatic League in cities outside of Germany, German merchants agreed
to live under the rule of a constitution that gave rise to a political authority for the Kontor society. 相似文献
999.
The economic effects of federalism are unclear: some papers find that federalism has strong positive effects on a number of
economically relevant variables, others find negative effects. The results often crucially hinge on the proxies for federalism
used. In this paper, we critically survey the existing indicators for both federalism and fiscal decentralization. We argue
that federalism is a constitutional institution, whereas decentralization is the outcome of a policy choice, and that the
two ought to be systematically distinguished because decentralization can also occur in nonfederally structured states. We
further argue that institutional details are very important with regard to federalism and that dummy variables usually capture
only very specific aspects of these institutional details. We use factor analysis to test whether the latent variables behind
the observed indicators support these assumptions. More than two important factors are derived, implying that a more fine-grained
differentiation beyond simply “‘federalism” and “decentralization” might be in order. The correlations of the most important
proxies for various aspects of federalism and decentralization with a number of quasi-exogenous variables, as well as with
institutional variables, are usually rather modest. 相似文献
1000.
We develop a dynamic game model of a two-country monetary union to study strategic interactions between macroeconomic policy
makers, namely the central bank and governments. In this union, the governments of participating countries pursue national
goals when deciding on fiscal policies, whereas the common central bank’s monetary policy aims at union-wide objective variables.
The union considered is asymmetric, consisting of a core, with lower initial public debt, and a periphery, with higher initial
public debt. For a symmetric demand shock, we derive numerical solutions of the dynamic game between the governments and the
central bank using the OPTGAME algorithm. We show that mildly active cooperative countercyclical policies dominate noncooperative
solutions and a scenario of no policy intervention. Optimal policies call for a brief expansionary action to bolster the effects
on output and a return to a small fiscal primary surplus as soon as the crisis is over until the targeted level of public
debt is reached. 相似文献