Leadership Style: Its Impact on Cross-Functional Product Development

This article reports the results of a study in which cross-functional product development projects in six companies were analyzed. The study was conducted as part of an interdisciplinary research involving technological, organizational, and behavioral analysis. The article draws on an excerpt of the data collected on leadership styles among project managers as well as some data on organizational climate and team learning. Leadership style, especially the leaders' employee orientation, co-varied significantly with how members of the cross-functional teams perceived their work climate and possibilities for innovative learning. The results of the analyses point to the leader's behavior, rather than his power, as an important factor determining the work climate in successful cross-functional product development projects.     

User motivation for broadband: A rural Danish study

The diffusion of broadband has gained much research attention, in particular in relation to the urban-rural divide. However, research has focused primarily on the supply side of broadband roll-out, while the demand side has been somewhat neglected. This article illustrates the complexity of broadband adoption and argues that a rural adoption approach needs to draw on existing social meaning systems. By focusing on the user motivation for broadband, this article presents findings from a qualitative study of rural residents. Means-end theory was used as a framework for understanding these motives. Furthermore, the article adapts the FCB grid as a tool for both public and private providers of broadband to examine effective rural promotion strategy.     

The assessment: public-sector investment

A combination of privatization and public-sector expenditureconstraints has given rise to a substantial reduction in public-sectorinvestment. Private ownership offers incentives for efficiencyin capital investment and forms of equity finance which areparticularly needed in developing countries. To avoid distortionsbetween public and private-sector investment, similar investmentcriteria should be employed in the two sectors. In particular,risk characteristics and premiums should be the same for equivalentprojects. However, in those areas where public ownership ismost relevant, namely natural monopolies, regulation is requiredand the private sector will not in general employ appropriateinvestment criteria. Furthermore, the private-sector cost ofcapital may be in excess of that of the public sector for distributionand interconnectedness reasons. Careful consideration needsto be given to institutional design to ensure that the private-sectorpotential is fully realized and to achieve efficiency in public-sectorinvestment where it is required. The paper points to a formof public ownership which has strikingly similar propertiesto regulated ownership and allows appropriate choices of investmentto be implemented.     

U.K. macro-policy response to oil price shocks of 1974–1975 and 1979–1980

In this note I first outline the policy response which I believe a country self- sufficient in oil might be expected to make and then go on to examine the actual policies and attempt to explain discrepancies.     

Attitudes to consumer policy issues in Denmark — 1976 to 1984

The authors have conducted a survey of attitudes to consumer policy issues in the Danish population. Identical questions were put to representative samples in 1976 and in 1984. A comparison of the results shows that most attitudes have changed very little in this period. Consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with shops and the supply of goods is unaltered, and so is the credence — or lack of credence — given to the market economy as a system, though there are, in 1984, more respondents than in 1976 who perceive consumer problems to be big. Large and consistent changes are mainly to be found in one respect: Consumers seem to have a more passive attitude in 1984. For example, fewer hold the view that consumer organizations ought to be similar to the trade unions, and fewer believe that most people are willing to become members of a local consumer group.An attempt is also made — on the basis of data from 1984 — to divide the population into segments according to their attitudes. The authors describe three main segments: The first is termed the Market Believers (39%), the second the Dissatisfied Consumers (35%), and the third the Information Seekers (26%).

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Einstellungen zu Fragen der Verbraucherpolitik in Dänemark — 1976 bis 1984

Zusammenfassung Die Autoren berichten über eine repräsentative dänische Erhebung von Einstellungen zu Problemen der Verbraucherpolitik, die 1976 erstmals durchgeführt und 1984 mit gleichlautenden Fragen wiederholt wurde. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der beiden Zeitpunkte zeigt, daß sich die meisten Einstellungen in diesem Zeitraum nur sehr wenig geändert haben. Die Zufriedenheit/Unzufriedenheit der Verbraucher mit den Einzelhandelsgeschäften und mit dem Warenangebot hat sich ebensowenig verändert wie das Vertrauen (oder fehlende Vertrauen) in das marktwirtschaftliche System; allerdings gibt es 1984 mehr Befragte als 1976, die Verbraucherprobleme als gewichtig empfinden.Nur in einer Hinsicht gibt es nennenswerte und übereinstimmende Veränderungen: Konsumenten haben 1984 offensichtlich eine passivere Haltung eingenommen als 1976. Beispielsweise sind weniger Befragte der Meinung, Verbraucherorganisationen sollten eine ähnliche Stellung wie die Gewerkschaften haben; auch glauben weniger Befragte, daß die meisten Konsumenten gerne Mitglied einer lokalen Verbrauchergruppe würden.Auf der Grundlage der Daten von 1984 wird der Versuch unternommen, die Bevölkerung nach ihren Einstellungen zu segmentieren. Die Autoren beschreiben drei Hauptsegmente. Das erste Segment wird von denjenigen gebildet, die Vertrauen in den Markt haben (mit 39%), das zweite von den unzufriedenen Verbrauchern (mit 35%) und das dritte Segment von den informationsaktiven Verbrauchern (mit 26%).The project has been conducted with financial support from the Tuborg Foundation.The data reported in the section Comparison with other habits and opinions have kindly been put at our disposal by the Danish Consumer Council. This in no way implicates that the Council is responsible for the design of the study or that it subscribes to the authors' conclusions.

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Flemming Hansen is Professor of Marketing at the Copenhagen School of Economics and Business Administration, Rosenørns Allé 31, DK-1970 Copenhagen V, Denmark. Folke Ölander is Professor of Economic Psychology at the Aarhus School of Business Administration and Economics, Ryhavevej 8, DK-8210 Aarhus V, Denmark.     

Managerial routines in professional service firms: transforming knowledge into competitive advantages

This paper is about managerial routines in professional service firms (PSFs) and takes a resource-based perspective. It describes how managerial routines can be used to transform capabilities into competitive advantages. The empirical data explore three PSFs facing dilemmas concerning the management of their human resources and their professionals, and show how new managerial routines have been established. It further shows that PSFs' innovations are routine and are mainly reactive. Most routines are directed towards exploration, which is caused by the need to focus on projects for clients who in the daily routines supersede the need for developing HRM routines. Due to the importance of the projects and the markets the PSFs operate in, we will also look at the relations between PSFs and their markets. The concept of managerial routines is seen in relation to exploration and exploitation, which are subsequently used in an empirical analysis. In doing this, the analysis reveals a conflict between external demands from the clients and the internal utilization of the capabilities within the firms.     

Aspects of optimal unemployment insurance : Search, leisure, savings and capital market imperfections

Unemployment insurance is analysed in the optimal taxation framework. Benefits discourage search and thus raise unemployment. A perfect capital market model is developed and solved explicitly for a constant absolute risk aversion utility function. For ‘realistic’ parameter values low replacement rates (less than 50%) are optimal. If there is no lending or borrowing the optimal rates rise to about 75%. Alternative models also admit leisure as a good and the input to search; this reduces optimal replacement when the capital market is perfect. When it is nonexistent the optimal benefits depend on the value of leisure - rising as it falls. Alternatives to constant benefits conditional on continued unemployment are considered.