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91.
The analysis of poverty measures has been receiving increased attention in recent years. This paper contributes to the literature by developing percentile ratio estimators based on the pseudo empirical likelihood method. In practice, variances of poverty measures could be not expressible by simple formulae and consequently other techniques should be used in the variance estimation stage. Assuming percentile ratios, resampling techniques are investigated in this paper. A numerical example based on data from the Spanish Household Panel Survey is taken up to illustrate how suggested procedures can perform better than existing ones. The effect of a model-misspecification on the proposed estimators is also evaluated by using simulated populations. 相似文献
92.
Francisco Alvarez-Cuadrado Ngo Van Long 《Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control》2011,35(9):1489-1501
Despite its theoretical dominance, the empirical case in favor of the permanent income hypothesis is weak. Contrary to one of its basic implications, a growing body of evidence suggests that rich households save a higher proportion of their permanent income than poor households. We propose an overlapping-generations economy where households care about relative consumption. As a result, an individual's consumption is driven by the comparison of his lifetime income and the lifetime income of his reference group; a permanent income version of Duesenberry's (1949) relative income hypothesis. Across households the savings rate increases with income while aggregate savings are independent of the income distribution. 相似文献
93.
This paper studies international diversification in banking, exploiting a bank-level dataset that covers the operations of 38 global banks and their subsidiaries overseas during 1995–2004. The paper finds that banks with a larger share of assets allocated to subsidiaries in emerging market countries were able to attain higher risk-adjusted returns. These gains were somewhat reduced by the concentration of bank subsidiaries in specific geographical regions, which is typical of the observed international expansion strategies. The paper also finds a substantial home bias in the international allocation of bank assets relative to the results of a mean–variance portfolio optimization model. 相似文献
94.
Conclusions The necessary and sufficient condition suggested by Hillman [1980] for the index of RCA, when used in cross-country comparisons,
to provide a one-to-one relationship between pre-trade comparative advantage and revealed comparative advantage is fulfilled
for the great majority of the “commodities” traded in 1985 by 118 developing economies. Given the low level of data aggregation
(the lowest for which statistical information is currently available), the large sample of countries and the high percentage
of developing economies’ total exports captured in this research, we can conclude that Balassa’s export-performance index,
for cross-country comparisons, is a good indicator of comparative advantage as reflected by pre-trade prices. In other words,
Hillman’s condition is a useful indicator of the presence of monotonicity in indices of RCA: we have observed that at a 5-digit
level of commodity aggregation, increases in Balassa’s export performance index of RCA are likely to correspond to increases
in export levels. Aggregation of commodities at a 3-digit and at a 1-digit level suggests that Hillman’s condition is unlikely
to be violated if the cause for values of the Hillman’s Index less than one is due to export specialization; on the contrary,
the number of cases of a Hillman Index smaller than one due to a large share of world markets is expected to be negatively
related to the level of aggregation. Our results suggest that Hillman’s index should be calculated in any empirical investigation
trying to assess the long-term implications of trade liberalization negotiations using an export-performance index of RCA.
There is evidence that, if used at a disaggregated level, the HI is a tool that may help flag cases in which the RCA index
can be a misleading indicator of countries’ comparative advantage, even in cross-country comparisons. It may also help reduce
disagreements regarding the most appropriate coefficient of RCA.
Further research should be directed toward enlarging the sample of countries to include the entire world and to incorporate
at least three years of trade so as to be able to eliminate the possible influence of cycles. 相似文献
95.
John Y. Campbell João Cocco Francisco Gomes Pascal J. Maenhout Luis M. Viceira 《European Finance Review》2001,5(3):269-292
This paper solves numerically the intertemporalconsumption and portfolio choiceproblem of an infinitely-lived investor whofaces a time-varying equity premium.The solutions we obtain are very similarto the approximate analytical solutionsof Campbell and Viceira (1999), except atthe upper extreme of the state spacewhere both the numerical consumption andportfolio rules flatten out.We also consider a constrained version ofthe problem in which the investor facesborrowing and short-sales restrictions.These constraints bind when the equitypremium moves away from its mean in eitherdirection, and are particularly severe forrisk-tolerant investors. The constraints havesubstantial effects on optimalconsumption, but much more modest effects onoptimal portfolio choice in theregion of the state space where they are notbinding. 相似文献
96.
Abstract . We extend the Thomas (1985) dynamic optimizing model of money demand and currency substitution to the case in which the individual has restricted or no access to foreign currency denominated bonds. In this case currency substitution decisions and asset substitution decisions are not separable. The results obtained suggest that the significance of an expected exchange rate depreciation term in the demand for domestic money provides a valid test for the presence of currency substitution. Applying this approach to six Latin-American countries, we find evidence of currency substitution in Colombia, Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, but not in Brazil and Chile. 相似文献
97.
The objective of this study is to examine asymmetric rivalry between strategic groups in a given industry. Two research hypotheses argue for the existence of asymmetric rivalry in the sense that strategic groups of small companies have a greater degree of response but a slower speed of response to the actions of strategic groups of large companies, than vice versa. To test this, we use an ex post approach that examines the news releases published on the strategic actions and reactions of firms. A third hypothesis compares ex ante competitive expectations with ex post asymmetric rivalry between strategic groups. To test this, we compare ex post news on actions/reactions with an ex ante approach that estimates conjectural variations. The empirical application carried out on bank deposits in the Spanish market defines strategic groups in terms of size due to the historical and institutional conditions of the industry (deregulatory change). The results obtained show that rivalry patterns between strategic groups in terms of company size can be predicted as asymmetric in the sense that smaller bank strategic groups have a greater degree of response (Stackelberg ‘leader–follower’ competitive interaction), and a slower speed of response to the actions of larger bank strategic groups than is found the other way around. Moreover, ex ante expectations of aggressiveness on the part of larger strategic groups characterize greater ex post reactions from the smaller‐size strategic groups. Therefore, the size distribution of strategic groups is valuable to research on complex industries with deregulation changes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
98.
José María Sarabia Enrique Castillo Emilio Gómez-Déniz Francisco J. Vázquez-Polo 《The Journal of risk and insurance》2005,72(3):479-495
In this article, a new methodology for obtaining a premium based on a broad class of conjugate prior distributions, assuming lognormal claims, is presented. The new class of prior distributions arise in a natural way, using the conditional specification technique introduced by Arnold, Castillo, and Sarabia (1998, 1999) . The new family of prior distributions is very flexible and contains, as particular cases, many other distributions proposed in the literature. Together with its flexibility, the main advantage of this distribution is that, due to its dependence on a large number of hyperparameters, it allows incorporating a wide amount of prior information. Several methods for hyperparameter elicitation are proposed. Finally, some examples with real and simulated data are given. 相似文献
99.
Francisco Zapata 《Industrial Relations Journal》1996,27(1):65-73
Within the context of the transformation of capitalist society in the last third of the twentieth century–a decline in the relative importance of manufacturing both in terms of GDP and employment, changes in the conception of work as mental rather than manual and in the types of interaction between capital and labour - labour relations systems in the twenty-first century will be very different from those prevailing today. 相似文献
100.
Emilio M. Francisco Jock R. Anderson 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》1972,16(2):82-93
Twenty-one pastoralists in the West Darling region of New South Wales were interviewed to gain an understanding of the attitudes of managers in this high-risk pastoral area to uncertain prospects. It was found that pastoralists had no difficulty in specifying subjective probabilities but in modifying probabilistic information they were conservative relative to the 'correct' revision implied by Bayes' Theorem. All the surveyed pastoralists were non-indifferent to risk, as evidenced by their non-linear utility functions for gains and losses. 相似文献