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81.
Franz Wirl 《Journal of Economics》2009,97(2):97-119
This paper provides a tractable analytical framework to study intertemporal equilibria between non-competitive supply and
dynamic demand for non-durable goods. The basic hypothesis is that consumers enjoy utility from particular services rather
than from commodities. Consumption of the non-durable good follows a dynamic pattern, because it depends on the stock of durables
and energy demand provides the prototypical example, e.g., mobility, thermal comfort, etc. are the output of a combination
of durable and non-durable goods. Indeed, turmoils in energy markets are to a great deal due to short run inflexibility and
this gives this theoretical paper a topical flavour. The outcomes differ substantially across the strategic setups while differences
in expectations (myopic versus rational) matter only transiently but not in the long run.
相似文献
82.
This paper reviews the United States' experience with utility sponsored energy conservation programs. Such programs are central to the recent discussions about electric utility regulation in the United States and elsewhere. First it is shown that these programs are exposed to three problems on the consumers' side – rebound, adverse selection and moral hazard – which lower the effectiveness of conservation incentives and impede in most practical cases a reliable quantification of the achieved conservation. Moreover, the utilities have under the regulatory practice an incentive to invest in conservation measures but to limit factual conservation through a proper design of the program. Reviewing the recent literature shows that these four crucial points, which affect many of the applied conservation programs, are either insufficiently covered (rebound and adverse selection) or neglected entirely (moral hazard and regulated utilities' interest in little conservation). We conclude, that this undertaking has resulted in insignificant conservation and doubt the adequacy of these programs to reduce external social costs from energy use. 相似文献
83.
Franz Wirl 《Economics of Planning》1991,24(3):181-202
The recent political changes will not only affect the domestic economies of the Eastern European countries but also important world commodity markets. This paper investigates the consequences for world energy markets. For this purpose, a disaggregated model of the Eastern European energy markets is developed that accounts for the introduction markets (pricing) into the formerly central planned economies. Deregulation will stimulate conservation and will favour noble fuels, i.e. oil, gas and electricity. (Potential) net energy exports will slightly increase by 1995 where gas exports could compensate for the decline in oil exports. 相似文献
84.
Franz Wirl 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(1):73-89
This paper considers low dimensional (more precisely, one state variable) dynamic optimisation problems of competitive agents.
These individual decisions lead to a dynamic externality for the evolution of the system. However, the impact of an individual
and competitive agent is negligible and thus each agent considers this evolution as exogenous data. This leads, assuming rational
expectations (perfect foresight due to the deterministic set up), to motions in the three dimensional space of state, costate
and externality. Considering the fact that such externalities are widespread, e.g., R&D in the literature on new growth theory,
pollution in environmental economics, etc., the incorporation of such externalities due to competitive markets is important,
yet this incorporation may alter the stability of the system. Indeed, complex policies such as stable limit cycles are sustainable
in such a low-dimensional economy, even for a separable and strictly concave model. 相似文献
85.
Univ.-Ass. Dr. Franz Wirl 《Journal of Economics》1991,54(3):227-249
This paper studies optimal noncompetitive pricing strategies when the evolution of demand is the result of intertemporal considerations. Two different hypotheses of price expectations (myopia and perfect foresight) are treated. The major implication is that the slight modification from an instantaneous to a very fast consumer reaction may completely modify a monopolist's price strategy. More precisely, the price strategy should be volatile if the equilibrium demand is convex, independent whether the consumers act myopically or employ rational expectations. On the other hand, asynchronous dynamics (e.g., due to competitive fringe supply or different segments of demand) cannot explain even damped price oscillations. The equilibrium price strategy of the noncompetitive supplier exceeds the static rule if consumers employ myopic expectations; rational expectations may lead to prices above or below the static rule depending on the rate of discount.I am grateful for the helpful and elaborate comments from three anonymous referees. 相似文献
86.
87.
This paper considers politico-economic cycles that do not depend on the exogenous electoral cycles. More precisely, the paper develops a positive model of intertemporal subsidy strategies for an authoritarian and dynastic government. It will be shown — applying the Hopf bifurcation theorem — that cyclical strategies, i.e. waves of regulation, populism alternating with deregulation, cuts in social programmes, etc., may be optimal. 相似文献
88.
Diana R. Franz Ramesh P. Rao Niranjan Tripathy 《The Journal of Financial Research》1995,18(3):311-327
Microstructure theory contends that dealers' bid-ask spreads should vary intertemporally with changes in the asymmetric information component of the spread. Corporate theory suggests that stock repurchase announcements signal management's private information to the securities markets. An examination of dealers' spread behavior around firms' open market repurchases in the NASDAQ market reveals a decline in spreads adjusted for dealers' inventory-holding and order-processing costs. This decline is attributed to a reduction in informed trading risk associated with the open market repurchase announcements. 相似文献
89.
Franz Gehrels 《Atlantic Economic Journal》1997,25(3):227-233
This paper summarizes some findings with respect to optimal growth when saving and the state of the arts are endogenous, natural resources shrink, and the numbers of goods and basic factors are possibly large. Outcomes of some numerical experiments are reported. The dynamic-programming algorithm is used for time-optimization and linear programming for instantaneous optimization. Progress can plausibly balance out depletion, without the help of capital accumulation. Many goods can produce a multiplicity of maximal extreme points in solution space, from which the productioin-possibility frontier becomes a multiple-dimensional hyperplane, moving outward over time.Presidential Address presented at the Forty-Third International Atlantic Economic Conference, London, England, March 11–18, 1997. 相似文献
90.
Franz Sitzmann 《Heilberufe》2009,61(10):16-19
Nosokomiale Infektionen - Multiresistente Mikroorganismen haben sich weltweit zu einem gro?en Problem entwickelt. Neben den
Methicillin-resistenten Staphylokokken (MRSA) steigen auch die Resistenzzahlen anderer Mikrobenarten dramatisch. Insbesondere
kritisch kranke Patienten sind durch sie gef?hrdet. Doch wie sieht ein angemessener Umgang mit Problemkeimen aus? Franz Sitzmann
diskutiert übliche Strategien und zeigt Alternativen auf. 相似文献