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71.
Summary This paper reviews research situations in medicine, epidemiology and psychiatry, in psychological measurement and testing, and in sample surveys in which the observer(rater or interviewer) can be an important source of measurement error. Moreover, most of the statistical literature in observer variability is surveyed with attention given to a notational unification of the various models proposed. In the continuous data case, the usual analysis of variance (ANOVA) components of variance models are presented with an emphasis on the intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Other modified ANOVA models, response error models in sample surveys, and related multivariate extensions are also discussed. For the categorical data case, special attention is given to measures of agreement and tests of hypotheses when the data consist of dichotomous responses. In addition, similarities between the dichotomous and continous cases are illustrated in terms of intraclass correlation coefficients. Finally, measures of agreement, such as kappa and weighted-kappa, are discussed in the context of nominal and ordinal data. A proposed unifying framework for the categorical data case is given in the form of concluding remarks. 相似文献
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This paper presents a theoretical growth model which explicitly takes into account technological interdependence among economies and examines the impact of spillover effects. Technological interdependence is assumed to operate through spatial externalities. The magnitude of the physical capital externalities at steady state, which is not usually identified in the literature, is estimated using a spatial econometric specification. Spatial externalities are found to be significant. This spatially augmented Solow model yields a conditional convergence equation which is characterized by parameter heterogeneity. A locally linear spatial autoregressive specification is then estimated providing a convergence speed estimate for each country of the sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
74.
Sascha Albers Caroline Heuermann Benjamin Koch 《Journal of Air Transport Management》2010,16(5):244-250
We employ Dunning’s eclectic paradigm (OLI) to shed light onto low fare airlines’ internationalization strategies. In addition to 31 European low fare airlines, we also analyze the internationalization strategies of 41 low cost carriers in the Asia–Pacific region. The results indicate that homogenous groups of such airlines emerge with regard to their internationalization strategies and that capital and ownership structure as well as relative timing is especially closely related to low fare airline’s entry modal choice. We discuss inferences for the use of the OLI paradigm in further studies of airline internationalization. 相似文献
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Klaus K. Brockhoff Grit Koch Alan W. Pearson 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》1997,9(2):163-178
This study presents information drawn from leading transnational organizations headquartered in the US that are, to different degrees, involved in restructuring their R&D. Interviews were conducted with three companies in the chemical/pharmaceutical industry and three in electronics/information technology. All companies interviewed agreed on the need to organize their R&D more effectively in order to meet consumer demands and respond to competitive pressure. There are significant differences in the extent to which each company is involved in organizational change as well as their approach to such changes. The interview findings indicate that global re-engineering and business transformation programmes are being carried out. We identify the application of such approachs, men though thg may be initiated under other names. 相似文献
78.
Torsten Tewes Kurt W. Rothschild Härmen Lehment Renate Ohr Richard Pomfret Walter A. S. Koch 《Review of World Economics》1981,117(3):584-600
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Gottfried Koch 《保险科学杂志》2006,95(1):125-148
The values, standards and ?pictures“ defined by normative management determine the fundamental conditions to a substantial extent, eventually leading to the choice of the appropriate management approach. Two fundamentally distinct leadership models are available:
- — the constructivistic-technomorphe approach, e. g. in the specific shape of value orientation and
- — the systemic-evolutionary approach, e. g. in the shape of system-oriented management.