Social Responsibility Climate as a Double-Edged Sword: How Employee-Perceived Social Responsibility Climate Shapes the Meaning of Their Voluntary Work?

Given the preponderance of corporate social responsibility initiatives across the corporate landscape and the correspondingly escalating demand for volunteers who participate in these initiatives, a need exists to better understand how to effectively motivate their voluntary engagement with tasks. Against this backdrop, this study argues the need to enhance their volunteer work meanings. We hypothesize that pride in volunteer work and volunteering as a calling are determinants of perceptions of the meaningfulness of volunteer work. In addition, we reveal that an organization’s social responsibility climate (SRC) is a key moderator in these relationships. Interestingly, an SRC is a double-edged sword such that it strengthens the relationship between meaning and pride, yet weakens the relationship between meaning and calling. Findings are discussed, along with managerial implications and future research directions.     

Internationalization Factors of Thai Multinationals and Thailand's Bilateral Trade Policy

This article investigates the impact of Thailand's recent bilateral free-trade agreements (FTAs) on the internationalization of Thai multinational enterprises (MNEs). The results highlight the relative importance of internal and external factors in the internationalization of developing country MNEs. The empirical evidence indicated that Thai MNEs judged bilateral FTAs as a critical facilitator of internationalization success. The FTAs facilitated firms' exports to a certain degree and marginally expedited firms' international purchasing activities. The influence of FTAs on firms' foreign investment was not discernible.     

Accessibility and Quality in Higher Education

Accessibility and excellence in university education in Canada are usually seen as mutually exclusive. This study presents data from two independent studies of student progress which show substantial student development regardless of entry level grades. A talent development ideal, which combines accessibility and student development for all those admitted to university education, is suggested as a way of escaping the dilemma.     

An E-Valuation Framework for Developing Net-Enabled Business Metrics Through Functionality Interaction

Managers engaged in net-enabled business planning seek metrics to help them analyze the success of their e-business investments. Likewise, researchers require metrics to build analytical models and conduct empirical research on the impact of e-business strategies on firm performance. In this article, the authors develop a comprehensive E-Valuation Framework for identifying net-enabled applications and their resulting user-based functionalities for activities across the value chain. The authors propose that the real value from net-enabled applications can be found in functionality interactions, where one application enables or enhances functionality in another application. The comprehensive framework can be used to generate three types of metrics managers can use to evaluate their net-enabled strategic initiatives. Further, a classification of net-enabled organizations provides the basis for selecting applications critical to a firm's strategic thrusts. We make use of the resource-based view of the firm and real-options analysis to discuss how successful application deployment is based on the resources and assets the firm possesses as well as managing the rollout of an applications portfolio over time. The framework allows managers to map their organization's net-enabled initiatives into a coherent, easily understood visual representation and provides direction for researchers evaluating the efficacy of net-enabled business strategies.     

Consumer reactions to technology in general and to a specific technological innovation: Supermarket checkout scanners

Intellectuals have been concerned with technology's impact on society. Many, if not most, viewed the results of technology as being more negative than positive. It has been supposed that consumers also held these negative views. Research in one major United States city indicates that this may not be the case. Generally consumers gave positive evaluations of technological change. However this did not mean they evaluated one result of technological change, checkout scanners, positively. Views of technology were related to demographic characteristics. Generally the older, non-employed, poorer respondent had a more negative view.

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Verbraucher-Reaktionen auf generelle und spezifische technologische Entwicklungen: das Beispiel Checkout Scanner (automatische Lesegeräte) in Supermärkten

Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen befassen sich skeptisch mit der Geschwindigkeit und den Ergebnissen des technischen Fortschritts. Einige Autoren nehmen an, daß es auch bei Konsumenten Vorbehalte gegenüber technologischen Veränderungen gibt, und vermuten, daß diese Vorbehalte Auswirkungen auf das Anbieterverhalten haben, wenn es um die Einführung von für den Kunden sichtbaren neuen Technologien geht. Ein Beispiel für solche Technologien sind automatische Code-Leser an Supermarkt-Kassen.Der Lebensmittelhandel hat lange gezögert, solche automatischen Lesegeräte einzuführen; er befürchtete negative Reaktionen der Kunden auf diese Geräte und auf die damit verbundene Aufhebung der Preisauszeichnung am einzelnen Produkt. Diese Geräte können die computergespeicherten Produktpreise abrufen, sodaß der Handel keine Preisauszeichnung mehr an der Ware vornehmen muß. Einige Untersuchungen zeigten, daß Konsumenten mit dem Wegfall der Preisauszeichnung nicht einverstanden waren, und vermuteten als Ursache eine allgemeine Abwehrhaltung der Konsumenten gegenüber Technologie. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über eine im Jahre 1982 in Milwaukee, USA, durchgeführte Untersuchung zur Überprüfung dieser Vermutung.Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung deuten insgesamt daraufhin, daß die meisten Befragten dem technologischen Fortschritt positiv gegenüberstehen. Die überwiegende Meinung ist, daß Technologie das tägliche Leben beeinflußt, aber auch, daß das Tempo der technologischen Entwicklung angemessen ist und ihre Ergebnisse nützlich sind. Was speziell die Checkout Scanner betrifft, so gibt es nur sehr wenige Befragte, die sie grundsätzlich für eine schlechte Einrichtung halten. Anders sieht es aus, wenn nach dem Wegfall der Preisauszeichnung gefragt wird. Die überwiegende Mehrheit spricht sich gegen diesen Wegfall aus, zugleich sind aber nur sehr wenige Befragte der Meinung, daß die Preisauszeichnung an der Ware gesetzlich vorgeschrieben werden sollte. Die Einstellung zur Technologie hängt von demografischen Eigenschaften ab. Negative Einstellungen finden sich vor allem bei älteren, arbeitslosen und einkommensschwachen Befragten.Die Studie zeigt also, daß Konsumenten die technologische Entwicklung insgesamt auch dann positiv einschätzen, wenn sie mit einzelnen Ergebnissen dieser Entwicklung unzufrieden sind. Unzufriedenheit mit einzelnen Ergebnissen führt nicht notwendigerweise zu der Meinung, der Status quo müsse mit gesetzlichen Mitteln erhalten bleiben.

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Frederick W. Langrehr is a Visiting Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management, and Virginia B. Langrehr is an Associate Professor, School of Family, Home and Social Sciences, both at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.     

Professional Ethics in a Virtual World: The Impact of the Internet on Traditional Notions of Professionalism

Numerous articles in the popular press together with an examination of websites associated with the medical, legal, engineering, financial, and other professions leave no doubt that the role of professions has been impacted by the Internet. While offering the promise of the democratization of expertise – expertise made available to the public at convenient times and locations and at an affordable cost – the Internet is also driving a reexamination of the concept of professional identity and related claims of expertise and standards of integrity.This paper begins with a presentation of case studies illustrating the ease by which impostors infiltrate the ranks of professionals. Reports of individuals masquerading as professionals via the Internet often reveal that these imposters cause harm to the unwary victims who rely on assertions of professional expertise. Such reports motivated the authors to examine the origins and evolution of the traditional roles of professions and professionals in today’s society, as well as question how, or whether, the standards for professional practice have been adapted to the challenges posed by technology, i.e., do statements of professional ethics provide a ‘guiding light’ for practitioners and their clients in the cyber age? The authors challenge the professions to consider the notion that technology forces a confrontation between the guild-like aspects of a profession that have served, on the one hand, to protect a profession from encroachment and, on the other hand, have purportedly protected the public.The authors conclude by presenting an examination of websites that show recognition of the challenges that the Internet poses to professionalism, as we have known it. Detailed discussion of the websites of two professions illustrates different approaches to responding to these challenges.     

Linking international entrepreneurship to uncertainty,opportunity discovery,and cognition

In this paper, we suggest a model of international entrepreneurship that links cognition, noticing opportunities, absorbing uncertainty, and bearing uncertainty, to international entrepreneurial action, which is important because of the increased interest in international entrepreneurship. The ways in which cognition affects opportunity identification are discussed to show how international entrepreneurs’ cognitive processes work in terms of identifying opportunities. We also explore the role of cultural differences, with respect to tolerance for bearing uncertainty, on international entrepreneurship. Finally, the model is used to identify areas for future international entrepreneurship research.     

Effects of mentoring functions on receivers' organizational citizenship behavior in a Chinese context: A two-study investigation

This research examines the relationship between mentoring functions received by employees and their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and the moderating effects of perceived quality relationships with mentoring function providers in China. Results of Study 1 from a sample of 385 supervisor-subordinate dyads reveal that role modeling received by protégés positively relates to their OCB, and perceived mentoring relationship quality moderates the association between career support received and protégés' OCB. Moreover, nonprotégés and protégés who receive high levels of overall mentoring functions perform more OCB than protégés who receive low levels of mentoring functions. Results of Study 2 from 258 supervisor-subordinate dyads show that role modeling received by subordinates positively relates to their OCB directed at individuals (OCBI) and at the organization (OCBO) while career support received positively relates to OCBO. Additionally, leader-member exchange moderates the linkages of role modeling with OCBI and OCBO.     

Econometrics and inconsistencies in the national accounts

Economic data are typically inconsistent with national accounting identities, contain measurement errors and are sometimes unavailable. A generalized conditioned least square procedure for the adjustment of data is proposed to deal with these problems. It is shown how the resulting data may be used for FIML estimation of the parameters of dynamic models (and the data themselves) with the aid of the Kalman-Bucy filter. An illustrative application of the proposed techniques to UK data is reported.     

"Proxy Power" and Corporate Democracy:

A bstract . Separation of corporate ownership from control has permitted the rise of a self perpetuating managerial elite , which operates businesses in its own self interest. The attempt of the corporate democracy and corporate responsibility movements to curb unbridled management power through stockholder proxy proposals has been highly publicized. Analysis of stockholder initiated resolutions contained in the proxy statements of 626 corporations indicates that relatively few companies receive even one resolution, that proposers are usually small shareholders operating independently or in loose coalitions with limited resources and divergent interests, that managements use massive resources to oppose virtually all proposals and defeat most overwhelmingly, and that the handful of management concessions to stockholder activists is actually cosmetic mollification. We conclude the proxy power is structurally weak and is not a realistic agent of corporate change, in that management structure and policy-making power remain intact.