Using data for over 100 nations over the years 2004–2007, this study examines the effect, of institutional quality on environmental pollution, focusing primarily on influences of corruption, and the shadow economy, and paying special attention to MENA countries. Controlling for a, number of factors, results show that both more corrupt nations and nations with large shadow sectors have qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects in yielding fewer (recorded) emissions; however, MENA nations have higher pollution rates. Policy implications are noted. 相似文献
This paper uses annual pooled data over 1998–2002 for transition countries to examine whether government size or country size
matters more in its impact on corruption; and whether piecemeal reforms or comprehensive transition reforms are desirable
for corruption reduction. Our results show that greater economic prosperity leads to lower corruption, and contrary to findings
for other nations, a bigger government size seems toreduce corruption in transition nations. The geographic size of a country is positive and significant, suggesting that more spread
out countries would have a harder time controlling corruption. Comprehensive transition reforms might work best at corruption
reduction.
A version of this paper was presented at the Sixth Mediterranean Social and Political Research Meeting of the Mediterranean
Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute, Montecatini Terme, March
2005. Comments of participants at the Mediterranean meetings, especially Utku Teksoz, and two anonymous referees are appreciated.
Insightful comments by Prof. Vojmir Franicevic on an earlier version and research assistance of Richard Connelly are also
appreciated. Remaining errors are our own. 相似文献
Using recent cross-sectional state-level data for the US, this article examines smoking quitting behaviour by smokers. In particular, we uniquely focus on how the costs of smoking, both direct and indirect costs, induce smokers to quit. Results show that the price of cigarettes and home smoking restrictions are the primary thrusts behind smokers' quit decision. The indirect costs due to workplace smoking restrictions, medical costs and a lack of insurance do not seem to significantly matter. The habit-forming effect of cigarettes is shown to lead to greater quit attempts. Policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
Based on a cross-section of US states for 2004, this article estimates a demand function for cigarettes after including a proxy for prices in the bordering states and simple proxies for contiguity with Mexico and Canada and for being a major tobacco producer. One major point seems to be that the negative elasticity for within-state price is similar in magnitude to the positive elasticity for the (lowest) price in bordering states. Several additional points also seem noteworthy. First, having a border with Mexico lowers sales in the state sizably. Second, the share of Hispanic/Latino population in the state also lowers sales significantly. Third, contiguity with Canada appears to have no significant effect. Fourth, partial impact of the state being a major tobacco producer appears minor even though consumption in these states is considerably higher. Fifth, education shows the expected negative association with cigarette consumption, but its statistical significance is low. Last, income carries a weak negative parameter, perhaps reflecting the lower prevalence of smoking in higher-income households. 相似文献
The current research examines influence of materialism and compulsive-buying behavior on Indian consumers’ credit card use. Research in Western countries posits that materialistic values and compulsiveness influence credit card use. However, results of the research differ from earlier researches. It suggests that Indian consumers’ credit card use is influenced by materialism but not by compulsiveness. Credit cards may be acquired to represent a lifestyle and improve individual’s status. The symbolic value associated with credit card is higher than its functional attributes. Consumers associate it with material possessions that bequeath status to them. 相似文献
Whereas technical standards and Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) are omnipresent and essential to mass production and communications, relatively little is formally known about the propensity of firms’ decisions to belong to certain SSOs. An understanding of such propensities can explain why some firms join SSOs (and others do not) and have implications for the regulation of SSOs. This paper uses a social network analysis technique to categorize/place firms in SSO communities and then empirically analyzes their propensities to belong to SSOs. We concentrate our study on standard setting organizations’ features and their intellectual property rights (IPR) policies such as licensing rules, disclosure requirements, as well as the features of the decision process of standards. Using data on more than 1060 member firms as participants in 28 SSOs, we are able to uniquely graph the membership of firms in SSOs by highlighting some important characteristics through community detection. The results provide some novel insights into why firms might choose certain SSO communities over others.
This paper uses a large cross‐country panel data sample to examine the effects of military spending on entrepreneurship. The other major contribution of this work lies in studying the spatial cross‐country influences of military spending on entrepreneurship. Placing the econometric model in the broader literature on the determinants of entrepreneurship, results show that while own military spending crowds out entrepreneurship in a country, bordering military spending promotes entrepreneurship. In other findings, we find interesting contrasts between the effects of government size and government quality, and between economic freedom and political freedom. 相似文献
This article uniquely considers influences of political uncertainty on corruption. Political uncertainty disturbs existing corrupt (and legal) contractual relations inducing greater corrupt activity to strengthen existing alliances and foster new ones. Results across two measures of cross-national corruption show that political assassinations increase corruption in different variations and time periods, and a general index of political instability mostly has the same effect. The influences of other factors on corruption are in general accord with the literature. These findings are generally robust to consideration of alternate dimensions of political uncertainty. 相似文献
Using a short-run partial equilibrium model of social welfare, this paper examines the social welfare implications of changing
Pigouvian taxes under three markets: perfect competition, monopoly, and Cournot oligopoly. The result for perfect competition
supports the earlier finding that Pigouvian taxation increases social welfare [Buchanan, 1969]. However, in contrast to the
previous result that Pigouvian taxes lower welfare under monopoly, the authors show that if the noncompetitive distortion
is small, these taxes might still be useful in correcting monopoly-generated externalities and in improving social welfare.
Cournot firms react to the tax depending upon their individual perceptions of the gain in post-tax marginal revenue. Policy
implications of the study's results are discussed. 相似文献