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71.
Differences in individual wealth holdings are widely viewed as a driving force of economic inequality. However, as this finding relies on cross‐sectional data, a concern is that older is confused with wealthier. We propose a new method to adjust for age effects in cross‐sections, which eliminates wealth inequality due to age, yet preserves inequality arising from other factors. Using a new cross‐country comparable database, we examine the impact of age adjustments on wealth inequality across countries and over time. We find that the most widely used method yields a substantially different picture of age‐adjusted wealth inequality than our method. 相似文献
72.
Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bo Edvardsson Bård Tronvoll Thorsten Gruber 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2011,39(2):327-339
According to service-dominant logic (S-D logic), all providers are service providers, and service is the fundamental basis of exchange. Value is co-created with customers and assessed on the basis
of value-in-context. However, the extensive literature on S-D logic could benefit from paying explicit attention to the fact
that both service exchange and value co-creation are influenced by social forces. The aim of this study is to expand understanding
of service exchange and value co-creation by complementing these central aspects of S-D logic with key concepts from social
construction theories (social structures, social systems, roles, positions, interactions, and reproduction of social structures).
The study develops and describes a new framework for understanding how the concepts of service exchange and value co-creation
are affected by recognizing that they are embedded in social systems. The study contends that value should be understood as
value-in-social-context and that value is a social construction. Value co-creation is shaped by social forces, is reproduced
in social structures, and can be asymmetric for the actors involved. Service exchanges are dynamic, and actors learn and change
their roles within dynamic service systems. 相似文献
73.
Pål Boug Ådne Cappelen Anders Rygh Swensen 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2017,119(4):1010-1039
We evaluate the empirical performance of forward‐looking models for inflation dynamics in a small open economy. Using likelihood‐based testing procedures, we find that the exact formulation is at odds with Norwegian data. Moreover, some of the parameters in the model are not well identified. We also find that the inexact formulation is not rejected statistically using a test based on a minimum distance method. However, confidence regions also reveal an identification problem with this model. Instead, we find a well‐specified backward‐looking model with imperfect competition underlying the price setting, which is a model that outperforms an alternative forward‐looking model in‐sample. The backward‐looking model also forecasts somewhat better than the alternative forward‐looking model, during and after the recent financial crisis. 相似文献
74.
Gábor Virág 《Games and Economic Behavior》2011,71(1):224-234
We consider a model of directed search where the sellers are allowed to post mechanisms with entry fees. Regardless of the number of buyers and sellers, the sellers are able to extract all the surplus of the buyers by introducing entry fees and making price schedules positively sloped in the number of buyers arriving to their shops. This is in contrast to results that are achieved for large markets under the assumption that sellers cannot influence the utility of any particular buyer (market utility assumption), in which case buyers obtain strictly positive rents. If there is a bound on the prices or on the entry fees that can be charged, then the equilibrium with full rent extraction does not exist any more, and the market utility assumption is restored for large markets. 相似文献
75.
The purpose of this study was to explore alternative relationships between perceived investment in employee development (PIED), perceived supervisor support (PSS), and employee outcomes in the form of attitudes (affective commitment and turnover intention) and work performance (work effort, work quality and organisational citizenship behaviour). A cross-sectional survey among 331 employees from a Norwegian telecommunications organisation showed that the relationship between PSS and employee attitudes was partially mediated by PIED. In addition, PSS was found to moderate the relationship between PIED and three self-report measures of work performance. The form of the moderation revealed a positive relationship only for high levels of PSS. These findings suggest that line managers are of vital importance in implementing developmental HR practices, either because they influence how such practices are perceived by employees, which, in turn, affects employee attitudes, or because positive experiences with both line managers and HR practices seem to be needed in order for developmental HR practices to positively influence employee performance. 相似文献
76.
We investigate criteria for evaluating infinite utility streams that satisfy fixed-step anonymity and include some notion of overtaking or catching-up. We do so in a generalized setting that does not require us to specify the underlying finite-dimensional criterion (e.g. utilitarianism or leximin). We present axiomatizations that rely on weaker axioms than those in the literature, and which in one case is new. We also provide a complete analysis of the relationships between the symmetric parts of these criteria and likewise for the asymmetric parts. 相似文献
77.
Dag Slettemeås 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2009,32(3):219-244
Radio frequency identification (RFID) has been successfully implemented in supply chain management, automated toll collection,
and inventory control. The next implementation is expected to come in retail, with RFID embedded in products, on shelves,
and at check-out points for value-added sales and post-purchase services. This vision of a pervasive and omnipresent technology
has spurred considerable controversy due to privacy concerns and fears of an Orwellian surveillance society. At the moment,
consumer-oriented RFID research is scarce and fragmented. This paper seeks to chart the RFID territory, address the research
that is readily available, and conclude with a call for a more encompassing research agenda on RFID and consumers. Research
on RFID is needed to better understand the various contexts RFID appear in, to inform policy-makers not familiar with the
many challenges involved, and to make industries aware of the full range of consumer-critical issues in RFID development. 相似文献
78.
Gunnar Bårdsen Ard den Reijer Patrik Jonasson Ragnar Nymoen 《Economic Modelling》2012,29(6):2566-2582
MOSES is an aggregate econometric model for Sweden, estimated on quarterly data, and intended for policy simulations and short-term forecasting. After a presentation of qualitative model properties, the econometric methodology is summarized. The model properties, within sample simulations, and forecast evaluations are presented. We also address methodology and practical issues relating to building and maintaining a macro model of this type. The detailed econometric equations are reported in Appendix A.“I think it should be generally agreed that a model that does not generate many properties of actual data cannot be claimed to have any ‘policy implications’…”Clive.W. J. Granger (1992, p. 4). 相似文献
79.
Lisbet Berg Dag Slettemeås Harald Throne‐Holst 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2010,34(2):121-132
This paper addresses the uncertainty problem, i.e. cases characterized by lack of knowledge or scientific uncertainty. In such situations, it can be hard for consumers to ‘voice’ or practise consumer power. One field characterized by the uncertainty problem is electromagnetic radiation. An explicit goal of this study has been to articulate Norwegian consumers' practices, attitudes and beliefs regarding electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones to public authorities and consumer policy makers. The study was based on 1000 telephone interviews collected in 2008. Today, experts disagree on the potential health effects of radiation from electromagnetic fields (EMF), as well as standards for safe limits of exposure to mobile phones, base stations and wireless telecommunication systems. In addition, complicated technology and extremely rapid product development and diffusion leave consumers' security considerations to their own beliefs and trust. Whether or not electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones constitutes a health hazard will not be addressed in this paper. Rather, it will focus on how consumers react to this situation of uncertainty. The material reveals four main ways in which consumers can solve what we have named the EMF uncertainty problem: the confident and comfortable way, the sceptical and cautious way, the responsible and good citizen way, and finally, the neglecting way. The paper also discusses the precautionary principle related to EMF. Who should be precautionary: the public authorities, the mobile phone industry or the consumers themselves? We believe that a consistent governmental precautionary policy in combination with consumers taking their own precautionary measures is a viable solution. In this way, all consumers would be addressed and aided when navigating this field of uncertainty. 相似文献
80.
Håkan Jankensgård 《实用企业财务杂志》2010,22(4):103-109
This article presents the outline of a framework for evaluating liquidity risk (at the corporate level) with risk measures that are intuitive and economically relevant. In particular, the risk measures are designed explicitly to show the effectiveness of a company's risk management program in helping the firm to (1) avoid financial distress or default and (2) ensure its ability to undertake all strategic investments. For managers attempting to quantify liquidity risks, this paper proposes that the risk measures have two important features: One is to make the liquidity risk estimate depend on some measure of the firm's balance sheet strength, one that reflects the role of the balance sheet as a risk buffer. The second is to provide a useful estimate of the opportunity costs associated with a given liquidity shortage—one that reflects the value of the investment opportunities that liquidity problems could jeopardize. The author illustrates the application of the proposed risk measures with an example of a company evaluating a hedging strategy designed to accompany a substantial increase in its investment budget. Using the risk measures discussed in this paper, the author shows how to assess the effectiveness of a proposed hedge in terms of its expected ability to reduce costly cash shortfalls in scenarios in which the firm's debt capacity is also expected to be depleted. 相似文献