A note on the factor-price frontier

Conclusions For an economist the possibility of an upward sloping factorprice frontier is extremely surprising. It has been shown that although such a factor-price frontier is theoretically possible, it is not very likely that it can occur under given economic and technical conditions since it would imply that capitalists are a class of borrowers (from nature) whereas we can be fairly sure that they are a class of lenders.I am indebted to Prof. E. Streissler for helpful comments.     

Outlier detection and seasonal adjustment

By analysing three macroeconomic time series, namely retail sales, purchases of durables and of cars, we show the consequences of the presence of outliers in the data on the outcome of model-based seasonal adjustment. For all three series, we detect substantial negative effects for the resulting seasonally adjusted figures.In a recent paper,Thury — Wüger (1992) demonstrated that the presence of outliers in economic data has serious negative effects for time series modelling. Poorly estimated ARIMA models with an unsatisfactory forecasting performance are the consequence. Beyond that, we suspect that outliers may also cause problems for seasonal adjustment. Since seasonally adjusted data play a prominent role in applied economic research, it seems worthwhile to investigate this problem more deeply. Analysing the same three series as in the above mentioned paper, namely retail sales, purchases of durables and of cars which, as we know, are severely contaminated by outliers, we try to derive the consequences of the existence of outliers in the data for seasonal adjustment. Where monthly observations of our considered data exist, we also enclose calendar effects in the modelbased seasonal adjustment procedure.

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Zusammenfassung Die Existenz von Ausreißern in ökonomischen Zeitreihen führt zu schlecht spezifizierten Zeitreihenmodellen mit verzerrten Parameterschätzwerten. Verwendet man solche Modelle als Ausgangspunkt für eine auf Modellansatz basierende Saisonbereinigung, so erhält man sehr unverläßliche, mit starken Zufallsschwankungen behaftete Ergebnisse.

     

Privatization Effects in Central and Eastern Europe

MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies -     

Outlier detection and adjustment

Time series are often subject to the influence of non-repetitive events. Economic variables make here no exception. For example, the announcement and implementation of new regulations, major changes in economic policy or in the tax legislation, and similar events may cause substantial disturbances in economic time series. The presence of outliers may lead to wrongly identified models and inappropriately estimated model parameters giving rise to poor forecasts and erroneous conclusions. In the past, these problems had mostly to be ignored, because simple yet efficient techniques for the treatment of outliers did not exist. The situation improved slightly whenBox-Tiao (1975) proposed intervention analysis. However, the fact that a detailed knowledge of the structure of the series to be analysed is required for a successful application of this technique, is a severe restriction for its use in practical work. But, in the meantime, there exist already techniques which solve the outlier problem more or less automatically. For a detailed discussion of these techniques and their computer implementation seeChen-Liu-Hudak (1990). It is the aim of this paper to gain information on the reliability of these methods in practical situations. For this purpose, we apply them in the analysis of three Austrian economic time series, namely retail sales, purchases of durables, and car purchases. We believe that these series are well suited for our objective. They are strongly contaminated by outliers and, additionally, there already exist sophisticated intervention models which can serve as benchmarks in the comparison.

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Zusammenfassung Realisationen von Zeitreihen werden von Sonderfaktoren oft stark beeinflußt. Beobachtungen von ökonomischen Größen sind davon nicht ausgenommen. Die Ankündigung und das Inkraftsetzen neuer Verordnungen, größere Änderungen in der Wirtschaftspolitik oder der Steuergesetzgebung und ähnliche, Ereignisse können Anlaß für beträchtliche Verzerrungen in ökonomischen Zeitreihen sein. Das Auftreten solcher Ausreißer führt zu falsch identifizierten Modellen und schlecht geschätzten Modellparametern, was sich letztlich in ungenauen Prognosen und falschen Empfehlungen für die Wirtschaftspolitik niederschlägt. Bisher wurde die Existenz einer Ausreißerproblematik bestenfalls in einer Fußnote angemerkt, ansonsten aber ignoriert, weil das notwendige Instrumentarium für eine erfolgversprechende Behandlung des Problems fehlte. In der Zwischenzeit wurden Verfahren für die Ausschaltung von Ausreißern entwickelt, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf ihre praktische Brauchbarkeit getestet werden. Wir wenden diese Verfahren auf drei ökonomische Zeitreihen, nämlich Einzelhandelsumsätze, Kauf von dauerhaften Konsumgütern und Autokäufe an. Diese Zeitreihen werden deshalb gewählt, weil sie eine Anzahl von Ausreißern aufweisen, deren Ursache, Datierung und Größenordnung bekannt ist. Es läßt sich somit überprüfen, ob die getesteten Verfahren in der Lage sind, diese Ausreißer aufzuspüren und zu eliminieren.

     

A descriptive analysis on the implementation of Balanced Scorecards in German-speaking countries

This paper provides systematic research-based evidence on the usage of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) concept in German-speaking countries. We develop three primary types of BSC usage reflecting the successive phases in the evolution of the BSC concept and of its implementation in practice. This typology ranges from the BSC’s origin as a multidimensional framework for strategic performance measurement that combines financial and non-financial measures to its advanced usage as an integrated strategic management system that describes strategy by a cause-and-effect logic and that is linked to the reward system. We use this theoretical framework to analyze the spread, implementation and benefits of the different types of Balanced Scorecards. Moreover, the impact of size and industry on BSC usage is analyzed. Our sample consists of a clearly defined segment of the most important publicly traded firms in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and we achieved an overall response rate of 87%.     

De-industrialization and comparative advantage in the global value chain

We investigate the causes of de-industrialization and potential for re-industrialization using trade-linked input–output data from WIOD. By introducing a new global value chain measure of comparative advantage, we relate a sector's share in domestic final demand to that in production and separate the direct effect of trade on its income share. This method identifies the declining share of manufacturing value added in domestic final expenditures to be the main cause of de-industrialization. Differences in comparative advantage between countries do matter, especially in the case of employment shares, but have a limited impact via the direct trade effect on value added. The findings point to a peculiar paradox of industrial policy: precisely when it is successful in raising competitiveness and hence productivity growth of manufacturing, it also furthers the global decline of relative prices in manufacturing. In contrast to the national objectives of re-industrialization, effective industrial policies accelerate de-industrialization in the global economy.     

Nach welchen Regeln werden Arbeitsleistungen vergütet?

Die aktuelle Diskussion über zu hohe Managergeh?lter am oberen und zu niedrige L?hne am unteren Ende der Gehaltsskala führt zu den Grundregeln der Lohnbildung. In der ?konomischen Theorie stehen dabei vor allem individuelle Produktivit?tsunterschiede als Ursache von Lohnunterschieden im Vordergrund. Wenig — wie einige ?konomen finden zu wenig — wird dabei auf die Machtstrukturen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt geachtet.     

Why do currency crises arise and how could they be avoided?

In the 1990s currency crises arose in different regions, e.g. in Mexico, East Asia, Russia, Brazil and Ecuador, to mention only the most important ones. What are the main factors which may trigger such events? How does globalisation and deregulation of financial markets influence the emergence of a currency crisis? What forms of crises exist? Are they driven by fundamental imbalances in a country or are they caused by self-fulfilling mechanisms involving herd behaviour and destabilising speculation? To what extent do such crises reflect implicit governmental and international guarantees which may cause moral hazard and adverse selection, thereby increasing the risk behaviour of enterprises and banks?