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51.
This article studies the role of money in environments where in each meeting there is a double coincidence of real wants. Traders who meet at random finance their purchases through current production, the sale of divisible money or both. It is shown that in the absence of valued money if traders have asymmetric tastes for each other's good, they produce and exchange socially inefficient quantities. With valued money, however, traders exchange efficient quantities if the asymmetry of tastes is not too large. It is shown that the gains from trade in the monetary economy are strictly greater than those in the corresponding barter economy, that the Friedman rule holds, and that the allocation of resources in the monetary economy converges to the allocation in the barter economy as the growth rate of the money supply is increased. 相似文献
52.
Community Targeting for Poverty Reduction in Burkina Faso 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bigman David; Dercon Stefan; Guillaume Dominique; Lambotte Michel 《World Bank Economic Review》2000,14(1):167-193
This article develops a method for targeting antipoverty programsand public projects to poor communities in rural and urban areas.The method calls for constructing an extensive data set froma large number of sources and then integrating the entire setinto a geographic information system. The data set includesdemographic data from the population census; household-leveldata from a variety of surveys; community-level data on localroad infrastructure, public facilities, water points, and soon; and department-level data on agroclimatic conditions. Aneconometric model that estimates the impact of household-, community-,and department-level variables on household consumption is usedto identify the key explanatory variables that determine thestandard of living in rural and urban areas. This model is thenapplied to predict poverty indicators for 3,871 rural and urbancommunities in Burkina Faso and to map the spatial distributionof poverty in the country. A simulation analysis assesses theeffectiveness of village-level targeting based on these predictions.The results show that such targeting is an improvement overregional targeting in that it reduces leakage and undercoverage. 相似文献
53.
54.
Guillaume Coqueret 《Annals of Finance》2015,11(2):221-241
We build on a one parameter family of weighting schemes arising from \(L^2\)-constrained portfolio optimization problems. The parameter allows to fine tune the trade-off between the volatility and the diversification of the portfolio. We propose two criteria in order to determine two unique portfolios: the first criterion requires that no weights be negative while the second one imposes a target diversification which is median between full concentration and full diversification. Both portfolios are empirically compared to classical benchmarks. The first one behaves very much like other popular Long-Only weighting schemes while the second displays a more aggressive profile, while generating moderate turnover. We also discuss implementation issues, as well as estimation related problems. 相似文献
55.
We provide a first attempt to include an off-balance sheet, implicit insurance to SIFIs into a consistent assessment of fiscal sustainability, for 27 countries of the European Union. We first calculate tax gaps à la Blanchard (OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No 79, 1990) and Blanchard et al. (Revue économique de l’OCDE, 1990). We then introduce two alternative measures of implicit off-balance sheet liabilities related to the risk of a systemic bank crisis. The first one relies on microeconomic data at the bank level. The second one is based on econometric estimations of the probability and the cost of a systemic banking crisis. The former approach provides an upper evaluation of the fiscal cost of systemic banking crises, whereas the latter one provides a lower one. Hence, we believe that the combined use of these two methodologies helps to gauge the range of fiscal risk. 相似文献
56.
The geography of the Spanish airport system: spatial concentration and deconcentration patterns in seat capacity distribution, 2001-2008 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyzes the geography of seat capacity at Spanish airports between 2001 and 2008. Concentration and deconcentration patterns for different markets have been identified. For this purpose, we use the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Concentration Ratio (CR) and the Lorenz curve. From our analysis, we conclude that seat capacity follows a deconcentration pattern due to the growth of low-cost carriers at small- and medium-sized Spanish airports. This is in line with earlier studies for Europe as a whole. Intercontinental seat capacity still remains very much concentrated in Madrid and, to a lesser extent, in Barcelona. However, new strategies by long-haul airlines bypassing the primary European hubs foster the deconcentration of seat capacity in the Asian and North American markets. In the case of Spain, the recent liberalization of the EU-US market may become an important enabler of such network strategies, e.g., Delta has operated a route from Valencia to New York-JFK since 2009. In other intercontinental markets, capacity is more and more concentrated in Madrid. We highlight the restructuring of Iberia’s network as an important factor behind the increasing dominance of Madrid in intercontinental markets. 相似文献
57.
Guillaume Pajot 《Journal of Forest Economics》2011,17(4):363-377
The extension of rotation lengths in forests has been proposed as an option for increasing carbon storage and contributing to climate change mitigation. This paper presents the results of a case study conducted on forests located in the southwest of France. The aim of this research was to assess the cost effectiveness of a subsidy/tax system on carbon fluxes. First, it is shown that such a mechanism leads forest owners to extend rotation lengths. However, cost effectiveness analysis shows that: (1) marginal social costs are more expensive than the private marginal costs of carbon sequestration; (2) marginal costs are higher when carbon stocks are discounted, ranging from 170.1 €/tC to 719.8 €/tC with discounted carbon stocks; and from 38.8 €/tC to 78.4 €/tC with undiscounted carbon stocks; (3) marginal costs are in the range of measures of the social value of carbon for France; (4) marginal costs increase with timber prices and increase with discount rate. 相似文献
58.
Jaap
De Wit Jan Veldhuis Guillaume Burghouwt Hidenobu Matsumoto 《Pacific Economic Review》2009,14(5):639-650
This paper measures and compares the network performance and hub competitive position of primary airports in the Asia‐Pacific rim, taking into account the quantity and quality of both direct and indirect connections. The results reveal that Tokyo has the best network performance and hub competitive position. The most striking growth of network development is found at Chinese airports, while network performance deteriorates at Oceanian airports. Finally, the results show that the position of Oneworld and Star Alliance is stronger in this region, whereas SkyTeam has an innegligible position especially at Japanese airports, owing to the fifth and sixth freedom rights. 相似文献
59.
Guillaume R. Fréchette 《Experimental Economics》2012,15(3):485-498
In experimental economics, where subjects participate in different sessions, observations across subjects of a given session might exhibit more correlation than observations across subjects in different sessions. The main goal of this paper is to clarify what are session-effects: what can cause them, what forms they can take, and what are the potential problems. It will be shown that standard solutions are at times inadequate, and that their properties are sometimes misunderstood. 相似文献
60.
This article provides an analysis of the implications of the growth of nanotechnology in the agriculture and food sector in OECD countries. Three main policy challenges are identified related to funding and investment, risk governance, and public acceptance. Each of these interconnected challenges underlines a number of ethical questions that need to be addressed. Several recommendations are laid out to move forward and adapt to these emerging policy issues. 相似文献