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101.
We study trade policy in a two-sector Krugman (1980) trade model, allowing for wage, import and export subsidies/taxes. We study non-cooperative trade policies, first for each individual instrument and then for the situation where all instruments can be set simultaneously, and contrast those with the efficient allocation. We show that in this general context there are four motives for non-cooperative trade policies: the correction of monopolistic distortions; the terms-of-trade manipulation; the delocation motive for protection (home market effect); the fiscal-burden-shifting motive. The Nash equilibrium when all instruments are available is characterized by first-best-level wage subsidies, and inefficient import subsidies and export taxes, which aim at relocating firms to the other economy and improving terms of trade. Thus, the dominating incentives for non-cooperative trade policies are the fiscal-burden-shifting motives and terms-of-trade effects. 相似文献
102.
This article considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analyses. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using intra-EU trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data. 相似文献
103.
Uwe Fachinger Harald Künemund Martin F. Schulz Katharina Unger 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2013,93(10):686-694
On the basis of the annual reports of all the life insurance companies covered by the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), the adjustment of payments over the time period 2002 to 2012 is analysed for Germany. The analysis unveils large differences in the adjustment rates of the insurers, not only among companies but also over time. Therefore a steady income stream, a constant income level and the reliability of payments are not ensured for policy holders. In general, the adjustments lead to increasing inequality of income during retirement and rising income heterogeneity in private households. Even worse, these forms of income provision during retirement are not able to compensate for the reduction in the benefit level of statutory old age provision in Germany. 相似文献
104.
This article reviews ways of representing the effects of decoupling in the European Union (EU) on land allocation and production in eight selected simulation models (AGLINK, AG‐MEMOD, CAPRI, CAPSIM, ESIM, FAPRI, GOAL and GTAP). It then compares the simulated effects of decoupling and traces them back to the model specifications and parameter assumptions. In particular, roughage is not included in most models, so that changes in ruminant production are not necessarily consistent with the changes in fodder area. Models also differ in the extent to which they reflect the substitution possibilities in ruminant feeds. Notwithstanding the considerable differences in model types and specifications, all the studies considered here predict that as a result of decoupling, areas allocated to cereals (and silage maize) and beef and sheep production in the EU‐15 will decline, while fodder area will increase. Differences in the projections about pasture, oilseed and set‐aside areas can be attributed to different model or scenario specifications. The most important factor affecting the results is the extent to which the models assume that the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2003 Reform (regarding Single Farm Payments) involves a substantial decoupling of support compared with the baseline (Agenda 2000) policy. 相似文献
105.
Harald Trabold - Nübler 《Economic Bulletin》1993,30(6):9-13
Conclusion With the HDI, the UNDP has attempted to construct a new development indicator which conveys the human development of a country by means of a Single National index number. This deserves recognition as a long overdue step towards the removal of Gross Product as the main indicator of development, putting as it does the development and employment of human abilities and resources in the centre of development efforts. The questionable results generated by the HDI show, however, that the index in its current form has many faults. It is time for the UNDP to change the HDI so that it better reflects differences in development between individual countries. Except for a few developing countries, which could see these results as a welcome reason for demanding increasing development aid at the expense of the transformation countries, nobody benefits if the UNDP certifies the Central and East European countries as having a level of development which they are still far from reaching. 相似文献
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Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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