Culture and Economics

The question of how far it is necessary to include cultural factors in the analysis of economic processes has become topical again in recent years. The first contribution to this Forum introduces a cultural approach to economics. This is followed by an article that examines the transition processes in central and eastern Europe from an econocultural perspective. The next article deals with the concept of a country-specific national tax culture and its implications for tax policy, especially in the context of transformation processes. The final paper discusses Turkey’s economic culture and its possible impact on the country’s integration into the European Union. * This outline is in its main parts the result of cooperation with Bernd Remmele and Joachim Zweynert. The author wishes to express his indebtness to Inga Fuchs for central insights on this subject, and to Michael Wohlgemuth, who helped to finish this paper in a short period of time. ** This article originates in a research project on the historical and cultural path dependence of the transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe (with special focus on the Baltic Sea region). The project is carried out jointly by the Hamburg Institute of International Economics and the University of Hamburg and funded by the VolkswagenStiftung.     

The arduous task of defining and developing consumer education. A report about the activities of the IOCU Education Committee

The International Organization of Consumers Unions (IOCU) includes 127 consumer associations in 51 countries. The importance of consumer education within the goal structure of IOCU is reflected by the existence of a Consumer Education Committee, which is one of the three Standing Committees of IOCU (the two others being the Test and the Development Committees).The paper reports on the approaches to define formal consumer education and to formulate the aims of consumer education, as well as on activities like seminars and courses, publications, and projects or surveys of member activities. Of special interest is the Education Committee's effort to initiate a network for consumer educators which is operating since 1985.Structural problems of the Education Committee result mainly from the lack of a fixed membership and the lack of a fixed budget.

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Die mühsame Aufgabe, Verbrauchererziehung zu definieren und zu entwickeln. Ein Bericht über die Aktivitäten des IOCU—Erziehungskommitees

Zusammenfassung Die internationale Organisation der Verbraucherverbände (IOCU) besteht aus 127 Verbraucherverbänden aus 51 Ländern. Der Stellenwert der Verbrauchererziehung im gesamten Tätigkeitsbereich von IOCU zeigt sich in der Tatsache, daß das Komitee für Verbrauchererziehung eines von drei ständigen IOCU-Komitees ist.Der Beitrag berichtet über die Versuche, Verbrauchererziehung zu definieren, und unterscheidet dabei normative Ansätze von institutionellen und offenen Ansätzen; er berichtet ferner über die Versuche, die Ziele der Verbrauchererziehung zu formulieren. Sodann werden als Tätigkeitsschwerpunkte zum einen die Durchführung von Seminaren, Kursen und Workshops, die auf der ganzen Welt stattfinden, und zum anderen die Verbreitung von Publikationen und Durchführung von Projekten geschildert. Von besonderem Interesse sind die Bemühungen des Verbrauchererziehungskomitees, ein Netzwerk für Verbrauchererzieher zu initiieren; so wie IOCU auch bisher Initiator und aktiver Teilnehmer einer Reihe von Netzwerken war (z.B. Consumer Interpol, Pesticide Action Network, Health Action International, International Baby Food Action Network), existiert seit 1985 auch ein Netzwerk für Verbrauchererzieher.Abschließend behandelt der Beitrag strukturelle Probleme des Erziehungskomitees, die hauptsächlich darauf zurückzuführen sind, daß es keine feste Mitgliedschaft und kein festes Budget gibt.

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Heiko Steffens is Professor of Economics at the Technical University of Berlin, Franklinstraße 28/29, D-1000 Berlin 10, FRG; Günter Rosenberger is Head of the Stiftung Verbraucherinstitut, Reichpietschufer 72-76, D-1000 Berlin 30, FRG.     

Why are interest spreads so high in Uganda?

Using international comparisons and a unique bank-level dataset on the Ugandan banking system over the period 1999 to 2005, we explore the factors behind consistently high interest rate spreads and margins. International comparisons show that the small size of Ugandan banks, persistently high T-Bill rates and institutional deficiencies explain large proportions of the high Ugandan interest rate margins. The Ugandan bank panel confirms the importance of macroeconomic factors, such as high inflation, high T-Bill rates and exchange rate appreciation. There is also evidence for the small market place and high costs of doing business explaining persistently high spreads and margins; smaller banks and banks targeting the low end of the market incur higher costs and therefore higher margins. Spreads and margins also vary significantly with the sectoral loan portfolio composition of banks, while there is little evidence for foreign bank entry, privatization or changes in market structure explaining variation in spreads or margins over time.     

Rural versus urban preferences for renewable energy developments

Development of renewable energy resources, such as wind farms and hydro-electric schemes, are being promoted as a new method of expanding and diversifying employment in rural areas. However, such energy projects are associated with a range of environmental impacts which might be detrimental to other economic activities, such as those based on nature tourism. The authors use a Choice Experiment to quantify peoples' preferences over environmental and employment impacts that may result from the deployment of renewable energy projects in rural areas of Scotland, focussing in particular on any differences between the preferences of urban and rural dwellers, and on heterogeneity within these groups. Rural and urban households are shown to have different welfare gains which are dependent on the type of renewable energy technology and on the scale of project under consideration.     

Failure factors in small and medium-sized enterprises: qualitative study from an attributional perspective

The objective of this study is to identify factors for poor performance and failure faced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) and to investigate a potential bias between real causes and attribution for stranding. In order to achieve this objective, we have adopted entrepreneurial personal story explorations in eight Portuguese SME. Our research reveals that the most important factors are limited access to finance, poor market conditions, inadequate staff, and lack of institutional support, as well as co-operation and networking. Hereby, at a first glance, external factors were more often cited, but qualitative analysis revealed that internal factors are imminent and not satisfactorily recognized. Even though some owner–managers showed a certain awareness regarding their internal weaknesses, many problems such as lacking strategy and vision, low educational levels, and inadequate social capital are not sufficiently recognized. Therewith, we found a strong attribution error when SME owner–managers judge the causes of their ventures’ unsuccessful performance and failure. Finally, we draw conclusions and suggestions for policymakers, small business owners, consultants, and researchers.     

Islamic Banks and Financial Stability: An Empirical Analysis

The relative financial strength of Islamic banks is assessed empirically based on evidence covering individual Islamic and commercial banks in 19 banking systems with a substantial presence of Islamic banking. We find that (a) small Islamic banks tend to be financially stronger than small commercial banks; (b) large commercial banks tend to be financially stronger than large Islamic banks; and (c) small Islamic banks tend to be financially stronger than large Islamic banks, which may reflect challenges of credit risk management in large Islamic banks. We also find that the market share of Islamic banks does not have a significant impact on the financial strength of other banks.