基于结构调整的西部农业发展问题探讨

改革开放以来,西部农业取得了一定的发展,但是,西部农业发展仍然处于低水平状态,这与西部富饶的农业资源是极不相称的。本文以农业结构为切入点,分析了西部农业发展中的问题,并提出了相关的调整建议。     

User-oriented design for the optimal combination on product design

This paper presents a new approach of user-oriented design for transforming users’ perception into product elements design. An experimental study on mobile phones is conducted to examine how product form and product color affect product image individually and as a whole. The concept of Kansei Engineering is used to extract the experimental samples as a data base for Quantitative Theory Type I and neural networks (NNs). The result of numerical analysis suggests that mobile phone makers need to provide various product colors to attract users, in addition to product forms. This paper demonstrates the advantage of using NNs for determining the optimal combination of product form and product color, particularly if the product into design elements. Based on the analysis of NNs, we can use 72 representative product colors of each mobile phone to develop a product color data base consisting of 16777216 (=256×256×256, True-Color model) colors with the associated product image. The design data base provides useful insights to save any amount of money and time for the new product development. The product designers can input a product image to work out an adequate color on a mobile phone. Furthermore, the design data base can be used, in conjunction with computer-aided design system or virtual reality technology, to build a 3D model for facilitating the design process of mobile phones. Although, the mobile phones are chosen as the object of the experimental study, this approach can be applied to other products with various design elements.     

中国各省市区种养业灰水足迹分析与评价

目的 深入挖掘第二次全国污染源普查成果,科学评价与分析各地区农业源水污染排放现状与环境压力,将有助于区域污染物减排与政策制定。方法 文章拟核算2017年中国31个省（市、区,不含港澳台）种养业的灰水足迹,构建评价指标体系,选取熵值法和理想点法作为综合评价方法,系统性评价与分析种养业水污染物排放量与产量、产值的协同关系,表征水污染物排放对区域地表水的环境压力。结果 （1）2017年全国种植业和畜禽养殖业灰水足迹分别为4 898亿m³和6 841亿m³,分别呈现“南高北低”和“东高西低”的地理分布特征。（2）畜禽养殖业水污染物排放带来的水环境压力大于种植业,尤其是黄淮海地区。（3）在种植业中,江苏和海南的灰水足迹综合评价结果相对较低;在畜禽养殖业中,河北、西藏、天津和宁夏相对较低。结论 建议种养业未来以减排增效为核心发展目标,海南优化肥料施用结构与方式、黄淮海地区调控种养业生产规模与方式、长江中下游地区拦截稻田退水污染。该文从水环境保护角度为中国种养业绿色发展提供政策建议。     

农村金融机构、居民贷款可得性与城乡收入差距

本文基于银行网点设立和家庭信贷选择的视角,研究了新型农村金融机构和传统农村金融机构对城乡居民贷款可得性和城乡居民收入差距的异质性影响。根据我国2000—2018年县域经济、金融机构网点和CHIP2018家庭调查等数据,研究发现,新型农村金融机构表现出良好的支农支小效果,缓解了农村地区信贷约束,比较而言,传统农村金融机构的表现相对偏弱。具体来看,新型农村金融机构的网点扩张提高了农村居民的贷款可得性,进而有利于缩小城乡收入差距。本文研究为我国农村金融机构改革提供了一定参考。     

Digital financial inclusion and investment diversification: Evidence from China

We examine the impact of digital financial inclusion on the diversification of individual stock investments in China using nationwide data from the Chinese Stock Market Individual Investor Survey and the Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index of China. We show that digital financial inclusion significantly increases the diversification of individual stock investments, primarily by reducing investors' perceived transaction costs and mitigating investors' limited attention. It also plays a more significant role among investors with lower conventional financial development, lower financial literacy, below 45 years old, shorter investment experience and females. We recommend the continued promotion of digital financial inclusion to optimise asset allocation in Chinese households.     

专利联盟成员技术竞合对成员创新绩效的影响

专利联盟存在竞合现象，联盟成员技术竞合究竟是阻碍创新还是激励创新？着眼于专利联盟成员竞合网络，将技术合作划分为探索式合作和利用式合作，将技术竞争划分为学习型竞争和诉讼型竞争，以2006—2019年MPEGLA公司12个专利联盟的76个成员为研究样本，运用负二项回归实证检验专利联盟成员技术竞合对联盟成员创新绩效的影响。研究发现：探索式合作、利用式合作和学习型竞争有利于成员创新绩效提升，而诉讼型竞争不利于成员创新绩效提升；学习型竞争和诉讼型竞争对双元合作的创新激励效应均具有显著负向调节作用。     

Assessment of the internet impact on road transportation industry operational efficiency

The Internet of Things has been driving the development of China's transportation industry. This paper used a dynamic direct distance function Data Envelopment Analysis model with internet access as the input index to more comprehensively assess the efficiency and the improvements needed in the application of internet technology in the road transportation industries. It was found that (1) the average total efficiency was higher when the internet influences were considered than when they are not considered. (2) The commercial passenger vehicle, freight vehicle, passenger traffic, and freight volume efficiencies in most provinces were positively affected by the internet.     

Use of high-frequency data to evaluate the performance of dynamic hedging strategies

The hedging performance results of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models are mixed; we address this herein by adopting an asymptotic setting to determine the relative performance of competing hedge ratios. The proxy variable is constructed through precise realized measures rather than through noisy squared returns because the substitution of the latent true hedged portfolio variance with a noisy proxy renders the loss function incapable of ranking forecasts consistently. The merits of allowing some features in modeling the spot–futures distribution are assessed. Empirical comparisons suggest that hedgers may favor the wrong model when the quality of the proxy variable deteriorates.     

新财税政策下的职工基本养老保险最优缴费率测算研究

企业职工基本养老保险缴费率作为养老保险制度的关键性要素,受到专家学者的普遍关注,企业缴费率高、缴费压力大已成为制约企业发展的重要因素。本文综合运用灰色关联、因子分析与回归、动态调整和模拟预测的方法,构建企业基本养老保险缴费率适度水平的因子测算模型,以上海市2008—2019年的数据作为样本进行测算与预测。结果显示:缴费率的适度水平处于19%～23%;增加国有资产划转10%补充社保基金以及中央调剂金制度等参数后,模拟预测2018—2025年的缴费率适度水平在14.8%～18.6%之间,说明企业职工基本养老保险的缴费率有进一步下降的空间。     

Effects of shared characteristics between eco-labels: A case for organic and local food

Food labels are created to reduce information asymmetry and help consumers make better food choices. However, the labels may have unanticipated effects, especially when they share common characteristics that may introduce confusion in making food choices. This study investigates how perceived relationships between different food labels may affect the price premiums of organic and local attributes for milk and fresh strawberries. Results show that the impacts of perception vary by product and label, and different food labels could positively affect price premiums on organic and local products. Results provide policy implications for better labeling and educational programs to reduce inadvertent confusion and improve consumer decision-making.