Accounting for optimism and pessimism in expected utility

We provide a preference foundation for decision under risk resulting in a model where probability weighting is linear as long as the corresponding probabilities are not extreme (i.e., 0 or 1). This way, most of the elegance and mathematical tractability of expected utility is maintained and also much of its normative foundation. Yet, the new model can accommodate the extreme sensitivity towards changes from 0 to almost impossible and from almost certain to 1 that has widely been documented in the experimental literature. The model can be viewed as “expected utility with the best and worst in mind” as suggested by Chateauneuf, Eichberger and Grant (Chateauneuf, Alain, Eichberger, Jürgen, Grant, Simon, 2007. Choice under uncertainty with the best and worst in mind: NEO-Additive capacities. Journal of Economic Theory 137, 538–567) or, following our preference foundation, interpreted as “expected utility with consistent optimism and pessimism”.     

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Foreign debt and capital accumulation

Zusammenfassung Devisenschuld und Kapitalakkumulation. — Eine offene Volkswirtschaft kann Kredit aufnehmen, um Kapital zu akkumulieren. In dem Beitrag wird der Fall der Auslandsverschuldung mit einem Szenario verglichen, in dem ein Land seinen Kapitalstock durch Konsumverzicht aufbaut. Die Inzidenz der Verschuldung auf das Zeitprofil des Konsums und der Verschuldung wird analysiert. Das Modell spezifiziert auch das Zeitprofil der Handelsbilanz. Die intertemporalen Opportunit?tskosten der Kreditaufnahme werden er?rtert, und es werden Bedingungen abgeleitet, unter denen sich die Verschuldung für Kapitalbildung und Konsum oder nur für die Kapitalbildung lohnt. Im Paradigma des Modells werden Konstellationen diskutiert, unter denen es für das verschuldete Land schwieriger wird, Zinsen und Tilgung zu zahlen.

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Résumé Dette étrangère et accumulation de capital. — Une économie ouverte peut emprunter á l’étranger pour accumuler du capital. L’auteur compare le cas d’un emprunt étranger avec un scénario dans lequel un pays accumule du capital en remettant la consommation locale. Il analyse l’effet de l’emprunt sur le profil de temps de la consommation et de la dette. Le modèle spécifie aussi le profil de temps de la balance commerciale. Les co?ts d’opportunité d’emprunter sont analysés et les conditions sont spécifiées sous lesquelles il est profitable d’emprunter pour l’accumulation de capital et/oú pour la consommation. Dans le contexte du modèle l’auteur discute quelques phénomènes qui le rendent plus difficile au pays débiteur de payer les intérêts et de rembourser les dettes et même de rompre le contrat de crédit.

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Resumen Deuda externa y acumulación de capital. — En una economía abierta un país puede endeudarse a los efectos de acumular capital. En este trabajo se compara el endeudamiento externo con una situación en la cual un país acumula capital internamente posponiendo el consumo. Se analiza el impacto del endeudamiento sobre el perfil temporal del consumo y de la deuda. El modelo también especifica el perfil temporal del saldo comercial. Se estudian los costos de oportunidad del endeudamiento y se derivan las condiciones bajo las cuales resulta beneficioso endeudarse para acumular capital y/o para consumir. En el contexto del modelo se discuten algunos fenómenos que podrían dificultar al país deudor el pago del servicio de la deuda y de la deuda misma, y que podrían inducir a cuestionar el contrato de crédito.

     

Fund Liquidation, Self-selection, and Look-ahead Bias in the Hedge Fund Industry

A wide range of empirical biases hampers hedge fund databases.In this paper we focus upon survival-related biases and disentanglelook-ahead biases due to self-selection of funds and due tofund termination. Self-selection arises because funds voluntarilyreport their information to data vendors and may decide to stopdoing so. By extending existing methodology, we analyze persistencein hedge fund performance over the period 1994–2000, takinginto account the above biases. The results show that look-aheadbiases due to liquidation and self-selection enforce each otherand may lead to overestimating expected returns by as much as8% per year. Overall, the results are consistent with positivepersistence in hedge fund returns at horizons of two and fourquarters.     

Firm-Specific Characteristics and the Timing of Foreign Direct Investment Projects

This paper uses a proportional hazard model to study foreign direct investment by Japanese manufacturers in Europe between 1970 and 1994. We divide each firm’s investment total into a sequence of individual investment decisions and analyze how firm-specific characteristics affect each decision. We find that total factor productivity is a significant determinant of a firm’s initial and subsequent investments. Parent-firm size does not have a significant influence on the initial decision to invest. Large firms simply have more investments than smaller firms. Other firm-specific characteristics, such as the R&D intensity, export share and keiretsu membership, also play a role in the investment process. JEL no. F23, L20     

Why parallel trade may raise producers' profits

This paper shows that a manufacturer may benefit from parallel trade. In addition to an intuitive condition about the effect of demand shocks, this occurs when competitive retailers must order inventories before they know the realization of demand and for products whose sale value drops at the end of the demand period. For these types of products, letting retailers trade unsold inventories generally results in larger orders placed with the manufacturer and higher manufacturer profit. The model provides a simple explanation as to why the volume of parallel trade is now very large and accepted by manufacturers for some products such as automobiles, clothes, toys, consumer electronics, musical recordings, cosmetics and perfumes.     

EC internal market: An opportunity for CMEA countries?

The removal of the internal frontiers within the EC will tend to have a negative effect on trade relations between EC and CMEA countries. The implications of 1992 for trade patterns between the EC and the CMEA are examined in the following article and the role which future EC trade policy could play here is outlined.