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51.
52.
Reinhard Neck Jens Uwe W?chter Friedrich Schneider 《International Tax and Public Finance》2012,19(1):104-117
In this paper we investigate how the possibility of (legal) tax avoidance affects the extent of (illegal) tax evasion and
hence the shadow economy. We formulate a theoretical microeconomic model of household behavior in which households can participate
in the official and in the shadow economy. Using comparative statics, we show that the complexity of the tax system affects
participation in the shadow economy negatively, i.e. a more complex tax system with more possibilities of legal tax avoidance
implies, ceteris paribus, a smaller labor supply in the shadow economy. In addition, we show that a reduction in the maximum
admissible number of working hours in the official economy increases the labor supply in the shadow economy. 相似文献
53.
M Grivna TC Aw M El-Sadig T Loney AA Sharif J Thomsen M Mauzi FM Abu-Zidan 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2012,19(3):278-289
Injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE is a rapidly developing country with fast economic growth, demographical and environmental changes that are associated with new hazards emerging at a similar pace. The UAE as a federal entity has federal and local systems responsible for safety policy, regulations and enforcement. To set priorities for safety promotion and injury prevention, it is necessary to have data on the most frequent external causes of injury and the main individual, equipment and environmental risk factors that contribute to injury. However good quality data for injury prevention are scarce. The aim of this paper is to describe the scale of injury as a public health problem in the UAE, and the development of safety policies, regulations and promotion efforts with special emphasis on traffic, occupational and child safety. 相似文献
54.
Alice L. MauchlineSimon R. Mortimer Julian R. Park John A. FinnKaren Haysom Duncan B. WestburyGordon Purvis Geertrui Louwagie Greg Northey Jørgen PrimdahlHenrik Vejre Lone Søderkvist KristensenKasper Vind Teilmann Jens Peter VesteragerKarlheinz Knickel Nadia KasperczykKatalin Balázs László PodmaniczkyGeorge Vlahos Stamatios Christopoulos Laura KrögerJyrki Aakkula Anja Yli-Viikari 《Land use policy》2012,29(2):317-328
The Agri-Environment Footprint Index (AFI) has been developed as a generic methodology to assess changes in the overall environmental impacts from agriculture at the farm level and to assist in the evaluation of European agri-environmental schemes (AES). The methodology is based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and involves stakeholder participation to provide a locally customised evaluation based on weighted environmental indicators. The methodology was subjected to a feasibility assessment in a series of case studies across the EU. The AFI approach was able to measure significant differences in environmental status between farms that participated in an AES and non-participants. Wider environmental concerns, beyond the scheme objectives, were also considered in some case studies and the benefits for identification of unintentional (and often beneficial) impacts of AESs are presented. The participatory approach to AES evaluation proved efficient in different environments and administrative contexts. The approach proved to be appropriate for environmental evaluation of complex agri-environment systems and can complement any evaluation conducted under the Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. The applicability of the AFI in routine monitoring of AES impacts and in providing feedback to improve policy design is discussed. 相似文献
55.
Jens Madrian Thilo Kr?ber und Klaus Schulte 《Zeitschrift für Planung & Unternehmenssteuerung》2006,17(3):345-362
Zusammenfassung Wie werden Unternehmen in der Praxis bewertet? Welche bewertungstheoretischen Grundlagen liegen der
Bewertung zugrunde? Welche Themenstellungen im Rahmen des Akquisitionscontrolling sind von zentraler Bedeutung
für den Erfolg von M&A-Transaktionen? Als Gegenstand vieler Diskussionen und Faktoren mit erheblichem
Einfluss auf den Unternehmenswert k?nnen beispielhaft folgende Spannungsfelder aufgeführt werden:
Diese und weitere Fragestellungen werden – unterstützt durch einen theoretischen
Leitfaden – anhand einer Fallstudie aus der Bewertungspraxis dargestellt sowie diskutiert und es werden
L?sungsvorschl?ge hierfür angeboten.
• | Die übliche Annahme einer ewig werthaltigen Wachstumsrate bei der Bestimmung des Terminal Value führt h?ufig zu einer übersch?tzung des Terminal Value, weil das klassische Modell die zur Finanzierung des ewigen Wachstums notwendige h?here Kapitalbindung (z. B. Wachstumsinvestitionen und Working Capital) übersieht. In den meisten F?llen scheint es eher angemessen, davon auszugehen, dass sich zukünftig die Rendite (ROIC) den Kapitalkosten ann?hert. |
• | H?ufig wird Wertvernichtung durch M&A mit Fehlern in der Post-Merger-Integration-Phase begründet. Dabei wird nicht selten übersehen, dass Synergien im Vorfeld überbewertet werden und bei entsprechender Berücksichtigung im Kaufpreis im Nachgang des Unternehmenskaufes h?ufig gar keine M?glichkeit mehr besteht, nachhaltige Value Creation zu erzielen. |
Summary How should the value of a company be measured, and what tools and valuation methods should be used? What are the drivers in M&A that create a successful and value creating transaction?相似文献These, and other aspects of M&A’s will be addressed and discussed in this case study. The study will be based on our experiences in M&A-transactions, supported by the valuation basics and methodologies. The case study will draw conclusions, provide recommendations and possible solutions.
• It is not uncommon in M&A to use perpetuity growth rates when calculating the terminal value. Generally, we do not share this view as it neglects the incremental capital investments (ROIC) in fixed assets or working capital necessary to enable growth. To avoid overestimating the terminal value it is more appropriate that returns on incremental capital investment converge to the cost of capital (WACC). • The main reason commonly mentioned in literature for value destruction in M&A valuations is mistakes in the post-merger-integration phase. On many occasions – and in literally all industry sectors – synergies are valued quite optimistically. As a result, the transaction value paid is too high, so there is no real chance to create additional value in the first place.
56.
We respond to the new article by Hayo, Neumeier, and Westphal (HNW), which is a critique of our 2006 article. The principal contribution of that article wa 相似文献
57.
Jens Dietrichson Ida Lykke Kristiansen Bjørn A. Viinholt 《Journal of economic surveys》2020,34(5):1007-1043
What are the long-term effects of universal preschool programs on child outcomes? We review 26 studies using natural experiments to estimate the effects of universal preschool programs for children aged 0–6 years on child outcomes measured from third grade to adulthood. Studies comparing universal preschool with a mix of parental, family, and private modes of care show mixed effects on test scores and on measures related to health, well-being, and behavior. All estimates for outcomes related to adequate primary and secondary school progression, years of schooling, highest degree completed, employment, and earnings indicate beneficial average effects of universal preschool programs. Three of the included studies calculate benefits-to-costs ratios and find ratios clearly above one. Universal preschool tends to be more beneficial for children with low socioeconomic status and there are not consistently different effects for boys or girls. Only three studies compare two alternative types of universal preschool programs in terms of long-term outcomes. 相似文献
58.
In conjunction with the rapidly advancing industrialization of Turkey, the segment of industrial insurance has also steadily gained in importance. People seeking cover for industrial risks situated in Turkey, however, face several rather significant constrictions. Whilst some of those may be circumvented at least partially, the Turkish situation raises the question of the need for legislative reform (possibly inspired by German law) in this area. Such would foster the development of more innovative and adequate insurance products by the Turkish insurance market. 相似文献
59.
60.
The demographic change and its consequences forces citizens of Germany to realign towards private insurance products. This decision should be based on structured analyses. Most recent studies were inconclusive regarding this decision.As investments are commonly compared using average developments of the underlying, the possibility to switch the underlying during the duration of the investment, they are not represented accordingly and therefore bias the results of the calculation. We perform a thorough simulation analysis to compare two competing investments for retirement provisions while respecting additional costs and tax implications of switching.Without any switching the evaluation of other studies is generally verified (pure investment beats insurance product). But as soon as switching is implemented the tax advantage of insurance products is overcompensating the cost advantage of a pure investment solution. Further research should aim in this direction. 相似文献