网络外部性、商业模式与PC市场结构

本文基于PC市场规模经济和网络外部性的特点 ,构建了扩展的豪泰林模型 ,研究了PC市场结构的决定因素和形成机理及厂商的不同商业模式 :在规模经济明显和网络外部性强的PC互补品市场上往往呈现出双寡头竞争格局 ,先进入PC市场的厂商较传统产业享有更大的成本优势和网络外部性优势 ,后来厂商不得不强化传统的价格和产品差异化等竞争手段 ,采取不同的商业模式参与竞争 ;在规模经济不明显和网络外部性弱的PC互补品市场往往呈现出多家企业进行垄断竞争的格局 ,双寡头市场上的厂商则根据不同的比较优势与垄断竞争市场的相关厂商进行合作或竞争。     

A public good approach to credit ratings – From concept to reality

From the onset of the 2008–2009 financial crisis to the subsequent European sovereign debt crisis, credit rating agencies have been assigned considerable blame. Reforming the credit rating industry has hence become an important policy issue. In addition to the regulatory efforts in the context of accepting the for-profit business model of ratings, there is a growing realization that credit ratings bear the characteristics of a public good. Financial market participants need reliable, transparent and independent assessment of credit risks. Credit ratings are therefore better viewed as an infrastructure matter. However, the proposed regulations seem to have missed this point. This paper introduces a new approach to credit ratings undertaken by the Risk Management Institute at the National University of Singapore that is predicated on the provision of credit ratings as a public good. With a public good alternative in place, the currently predominant for-profit business model may be counterbalanced.