通过纵向整合进行品牌管理

传统的零售渠道正走下坡路，许多制造商，尤其在纺织、家具、皮革制品、体育用品和奢侈品行业，都选择纵向整合作为更有效管理品牌的方法。     

The growth of the Internet,digital television and mobile telephony and the implications for not‐for‐profit marketing

This paper looks at what is currently known about who uses the new technologies and how they use them. It also sets out the current information available about the use of these technologies by the not‐for‐profit sector as a whole. The final section sets out the implications of these new technologies for not‐for‐profit marketers and the potential benefits for organisations that embrace and develop the new technologies. While the data presented focuses on the UK, the implications for not‐for‐profit marketing are relevant wherever the penetration in these technologies is high. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

Sensitivity and Stability of the Classifications of Returns to Scale in Data Envelopment Analysis

Sensitivity of the returns to scale (RTS) classifications in data envelopment analysis is studied by means of linear programming problems. The stability region for an observation preserving its current RTS classification (constant, increasing or decreasing returns to scale) can be easily investigated by the optimal values to a set of particular DEA-type formulations. Necessary and sufficient conditions are determined for preserving the RTS classifications when input or output data perturbations are non-proportional. It is shown that the sensitivity analysis method under proportional data perturbations can also be used to estimate the RTS classifications and discover the identical RTS regions yielded by the input-based and the output-based DEA methods. Thus, our approach provides information on both the RTS classifications and the stability of the classifications. This sensitivity analysis method can easily be applied via existing DEA codes.     

THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF HARVESTER

A century has elapsed since the ‘New Protection’ policy of the newly established Commonwealth government of Australia gave birth to the ‘basic wage’ principle following the ‘Harvester’ judgement. This paper re‐examines, with special reference to economic considerations – unemployment, the tariff, and the wage structure – the controversy surrounding the initial formulation of this principle and the evolution of its application under the federal wage fixing tribunals and the legislation under which they operated. It concludes that even the vestigial remains of the concept underlying Harvester have progressively disappeared from Australian wage fixing principles.     

Econometric Implications of Rectangular Hyperbolic Crop–Weed Competition

Estimation of the rectangular hyperbolic model of crop–weed competition by the method of maximum likelihood is investigated. Econometric implications of the rectangular hyperbolic form and normal stochastic specification are derived from the associated Fisher information matrix. Analysis explains some of the experience with the model in empirical work and clarifies the nature of statistical data that are advantageous to parameter estimation. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the relationship between the econometric problem and underlying information. Results provide agricultural economists with sound reasons for recommending specific changes in data collection choices although, in contrast to some existing perceptions, only some fairly minor changes in commonly used experimental design will be necessary to meet agricultural economists' research objectives. L'évaluation du modèle hyperbolique rectangulaire de la concurrence entre la récolte et les mauvaises herbes par la méthode de maximum de vraisemblance est étudiée. Des implications économétriques de la forme hyperbolique rectangulaire et du cahier des charges stochastique normal sont dérivées de la matrice associée de l'information de Fisher. L'analyse explique une partie de l'expérience avec le modèle dans le travail empirique et clarifie la nature des données statistiques qui sont avantageuses à l'évaluation de paramètre. Des exemples numériques sont employés pour illustrer le rapport entre le problème économétrique et l'information fondamentale. Les résultats fournissent aux économistes agronomes des raisons saines pour recommander les changements spécifiques des choix de collecte de données bien que, contrairement à quelques perceptions existantes, seulement quelques changements assez mineurs de conception expérimentale généralement utilisée seront nécessaires pour répondre aux objectifs des recherches des économistes agronomes.     

创新点燃“消费升级”

去年的假期——也就是人们消费增多，而消费市场竞争激烈的时候——给我们提供了一个警戒性的事件，那就是利润从销售商转移到了消费者的口袋。只要了解了为什么有些种类的商品销售旺盛，而有些销售却不断下滑，就可以显著地把长期的成功与失败区别开。     

Multidimensional quality-of-life measure with an application to Fortune's best cities

The notion of the quality of life is about a finite set of measurable attributes that can be weighted by some metric. The quality of life has subjective as well as objective dimensions. Single dimension measures now are recognized as too narrow to fully capture differences in the quality of life. Based upon data envelopment analysis (DEA), the current paper demonstrates how to develop a multidimensional measure to characterize the quality of life and identify its best-practice frontier which balances work and family life and judges practical comfort. Benchmarks are introduced into DEA models to implicitly reflect tradeoff information on quality-of-life related factors and to incorporate evaluation standards. A method is proposed to determine the unique best quality-of-life scale target. Critical quality-of-life factors are identified in a multidimensional construct. Fortune magazine's choice of the 20 best cities—15 domestic and five international—is investigated.     

Modernization of an ammonia plant safety shutdown system

The Agrium Redwater Nitrogen Operations Ammonia 2 plant underwent a phased project to upgrade and modernize its automatic safety shutdown system. Agrium incorporated the use of safety integrity levels in the functional design and detailed design of the safety shutdown system to ensure that all required protections were implemented in a safe and cost-effective manner. This article discusses the methodology used to determine the scope of the system, the methodology used to define the functional design, the implementation strategy chosen and the key lessons learned from the execution of this project. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 28:282–292, 2009     

Sequential sampling models of choice: Some recent advances

Choice models in marketing and economics are generally derived without specifying the underlying cognitive process of decision making. This approach has been successfully used to predict choice behavior. However, it has not much to say about such aspects of decision making as deliberation, attention, conflict, and cognitive limitations and how these influence choices. In contrast, sequential sampling models developed in cognitive psychology explain observed choices based on assumptions about cognitive processes that return the observed choice as the terminal state. We illustrate three advantages of this perspective. First, making explicit assumptions about underlying cognitive processes results in measures of deliberation, attention, conflict, and cognitive limitation. Second, the mathematical representations of underlying cognitive processes imply well documented departures from Luce’s Choice Axiom such as the similarity, compromise, and attraction effects. Third, the process perspective predicts response time and thus allows for inference based on observed choices and response times. Finally, we briefly discuss the relationship between these cognitive models and rules for statistically optimal decisions in sequential designs.