Developing a typology of affective responses to advertising

This article identifies—and then validates—a set of categories for use in the measurement of affective responses to advertising. Unlike previous categories developed for this purpose, these are first extracted by cluster analysis and then also subjected to formal tests for reliability and for convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and predictive validity.     

Efficiency and Technological Change in the U.S. Brewing Industry

This study demonstrates that the measurement of technological change and economic efficiency are tightly linked. Efficiency measures may depend on carefully controlling for technological change, while tests of technological change may be sensitive to empirical model specifications. Moreover, the study underlines Solow's (1994) and Romer's (1994) admonition that econometricians should pay attention to industry and institutional evidence in building models of technological change. The empirical results presented here suggest that there has been substantial technological change in the U.S. brewing industry from 1950 to 1992. This occurred in the form of a dramatic shift in technology beginning with the introduction of super breweries in about 1972. There has also been a substantial increase in scale economies, which undoubtedly caused many inefficiently small firms to exit the industry during the 1960s and 1970s. Further results suggest that a more complete specification of technological change and the stochastic nature of the frontier production function leads to higher and more tenable estimates of efficiency.     

Functional marketing plan development in department store retailing

Retailers are now implementing the types of formal marketing planning programs that have long characterized consumer goods firms. The functional marketing plans that are developed tend to be a year or less in duration. The primary responsibility for developing the plans resides with the general merchandise manager. The planning efforts of the retailing executive, in spite of their short term nature, do reflect an awareness of the importance of understanding the strengths and weaknesses of competitors and of the need to spell out issues involving profit planning, sales promotion planning, merchandise addition/deletion decisions, and issues involving inventory/physical distribution. A variety of marketing plans are developed. Separate plans are developed by merchandise lines in many organizations. The authors wish to express their appreciation to The Conference Board for permission to use the questionnaire, with modifications, underlying research for The Marketing Plan, Report No. 801, The Conference Board, 1981, as the basis for formulating the questionnaire used in this research     

The impact of vertical integration on the wage bargain: new evidence

This paper considers the impact of vertical integration on the bargaining power relationship between employers and workers. We argue that vertical integration may have either a positive or a negative effect on the employer's position. The relationship between vertical integration of the firm and wages remains, therefore, an empirical question which this paper sets out to resolve. We do this using regression analysis and by employing a new measure of vertical integration. Our results suggest that contrary to the evidence of some previous studies, vertical integration can enhance employer bargaining power.     

Staple theory and export-led growth: constructing differential growth

The staple theory is a subset of the export-led growth hypothesis, designed to explain the growth and economic development of resource-rich economies. It is a theory that has been misunderstood and is seen to be at odds with the stylised facts of economic growth and development as well as with mainstream neoclassical wisdom. This article presents a brief and critical historiography of the staple theory from which a simple model of staple growth and development is gleaned. As well, data are presented which suggest that staple theory remains an important analytical tool to help explain economic development and growth.     

Still balancing the books: the NUM and the 1984–85 strike

In the context of the NUM's decision to seek a merger, this article examines the financial impact of the 1984–85 strike. In conducting the strike, its federal structure is shown to have provided the union leadership with flexibility. But it has limited the capacity to recover afterwards and has consequences for merger prospects with other unions.     

The railroad and movie industries: Were they myopic?

In the United States, regulation prevented the railroad and film industries from responding successfully to the demands of the marketplace. Both industries did attempt to move into other industries, but were blocked by government regulations. The prevailing belief among marketing scholars that the rail and film companies were myopic cannot be substantiated by historic evidence.     

The Changing Landscape of Regulatory Control of Biological Medicines

This paper focuses on the rapid growth in biological medicines in recent years brought about by advances in molecular biology and biotechnological manufacturing techniques. It looks at the implications for regulatory bodies and research institutions concerned with quality control of biologicals; and discusses ways in which the industry/regulatory/research partnership is evolving in response to the new situation. It argues that, although change is being managed relatively successfully in some areas of regulatory control (devolution to industry, use of new technologies, international harmonization), special measures may be needed in some other areas. These include: needs of the developing world for biologicals quality control; sustaining long-term research on safety issues and test methodology; major social and ethical issues raised by new treatment and diagnostic opportunities.