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141.
To enhance understanding of the status of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, we analyse important rules of evidence in United States (US) courts regarding the presentation of expert accounting witness testimony. We draw on this analysis to recommend the relocation of the Conceptual Framework in the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) hierarchy. For empirical support, we explore how rules of evidence in the criminal trial in 2006 of Enron's two most senior executives affected assessment of whether Enron's financial reports conformed with the FASB's GAAP. We recommend that the FASB's Conceptual Framework should be included in authoritative literature as the uppermost authority, and that it be grounded closely in user needs and the ethical principles associated with meeting those needs. Further, we recommend that accounting expert witnesses adopt an overriding concern for objectivity and impartiality in assisting courts to understand complex accounting matters within the Conceptual Framework. 相似文献
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Joel Monárrez-Espino Adrián de la Maza Stahl Luz María Tejada Tayabas Andrés Balleza Carreón Lucie Laflamme 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2017,24(3):345-353
Data are lacking on the extent and distribution of injuries in rural areas. This study aimed at comparing injury-related hospitalizations between 2002 and 2012 at a rural hospital of northern Mexico focusing on differences between indigenous (IP) and non-indigenous patients (NIP). A retrospective design based on the review of records of patients hospitalized with injury diagnoses was used. Information extracted included ethnicity, sex, age, hospital duration, surgical procedures, complications and discharge outcome. Injury data comprised of main diagnosis, mechanism and body part affected. Patterns were stratified by year and ethnicity. Logistic regression was used to determine the probability of being hospitalized for >1 day. Injury-related mortality increased from 0.4% in 2002 to 3.1% in 2012. The proportion of non-indigenous patients hospitalized also increased by 4.5%. Men accounted for two-thirds of all inpatients. Weapon involvement doubled from 16.6% to 33.6%. Almost half of the patients in 2012 were victims of interpersonal violence. Indigenous patients had a 2.7 higher adjusted odds ratios of being hospitalized for >1 day in 2002 (95% CI 1.2–5.7), though the gap was reduced to 1.9 (1.1–3.5) in 2012. While indigenous patients continue to be more disadvantaged than the non-indigenous, the gaps closed in 2012; the reasons behind these disparities need to be further investigated. 相似文献
144.
One of the pioneers of value‐based management discusses his life's work in converting principles of modern finance theory into performance evaluation and incentive compensation plans that have been adopted by many of the world's largest and most successful companies, including Coca‐Cola in the U.S., SABMiller in London, Siemens in Germany, and the Godrej Group in India. The issues covered include the significance of dividend payouts (are dividends really necessary to support a company's stock price and, if so, why?) as well as the question of optimal capital structure (whether and why debt might not be cheaper than equity). But the most important focus of the interview is corporate performance measurement and the use of executive pay to strengthen management incentives to increase efficiency and value. According to Stern, the widespread tendency of public companies to manage “for earnings”—or in accordance with what he refers to as “the accounting model of the firm”—often leads to value‐destroying decisions. As one example, the GAAP accounting principle that requires intangible investments like R&D and training to be written off in the year the expenses are incurred is likely to cause underinvestment in such intangibles. At the same time, the failure of conventional income statements to reflect the cost of equity almost certainly encourages corporate overinvestment. Stern's solution to this problem is an executive incentive compensation plan in which rewards are tied to increases in a measure of economic profit called economic value added, or EVA, which research has shown to have a significance relation to changes both in share value and the premium of market value over book value. Moreover, by combining such a plan with a “bonus bank” that pays out annual awards over a multi‐year period, boards can ensure that management will be rewarded not for good luck but rather for sustainable improvements in performance. 相似文献
145.
With digital music as its context, this paper quantifies how much money would be made using alternatives to uniform pricing. Using survey‐based data on nearly 1,000 students' valuations of 100 popular songs in early 2008 and early 2009, we find that various alternatives can raise both producer and consumer surplus. Digital music revenue could be raised by between a sixth and a third relative to profit‐maximizing uniform pricing. While person‐specific uniform pricing can raise revenue by over 50 per cent, none of the non‐discriminatory schemes raise revenue's share of surplus above 40 per cent of total surplus. 相似文献
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Joel G. Maxcy 《Contemporary economic policy》2002,20(2):145-159
148.
Conclusion Tariffs and export taxes may comprise part of a first-best tax package if their cost of collection is lower than alternative
means of raising revenue. Using various proxies for relative collection costs, and holding constant standard indices of development,
we find evidence of a significant relationship between a country’s usage of trade taxes and the relative cost of raising revenue.
This relationship holds for a large sample of developed and developing countries, and when only developing countries are studied.
This research suggests that more attention should be paid to the administrative costs of raising revenue, in addition to the
usual focus on the allocative effects of taxes and tariffs. Further study of the nature of these costs should prove valuable
in understanding the optimal mix of these policy instruments. It would be particularly valuable to have empirical evidence
on what characteristics of a country influence the relative collection cost of raising revenue in alternative ways. This would
enable researchers to more precisely identify the effect of relative collection costs on observed tax policy, and facilitate
the formulation of tax policy by policymakers. 相似文献
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150.
Strategic stability and uniqueness in signaling games 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A class of signaling games is studied in which a unique Universally Divine equilibrium outcome exists. We identify a monotonicity property under which a variation of Universal Divinity is generically equivalent to strategic stability. Further assumptions guarantee the existence of a unique Universally Divine outcome. 相似文献