Ambiguity in election games

We construct a model in which the ambiguity of candidates allows them to increase the number of voters to whom they appeal. We focus our analysis on two points that are central to obtain ambiguity in equilibrium: restrictions on the beliefs that candidates can induce in voters, and intensity of voters' preferences. The first is necessary for a pure strategy equilibrium to exist, while the second is necessary for ambiguity in equilibrium when there exists a Condorcet winner in the set of pure alternatives (e.g. the spatial model of electoral competition), and when candidates' only objective is to win the election. In this last case, an ambiguous candidate may offer voters with different preferences the hope that their most preferred alternative will be implemented. We also show that if there are sufficiently many candidates or parties, ambiguity will not be possible in equilibrium, but a larger set of possible policies increases the chance that at least one candidate will choose to be ambiguous in equilibrium. We would like to thank Alberto Alesina, Antonio Cabrales, Steve Coate, Olivier Compte, Tim Feddersen, Itzhak Gilboa, Joe Harrington, Michel Le Breton, Alessandro Lizzeri, George Mailath, Steve Matthews, Steve Morris, Ignacio Ortuno, Tom Palfrey, Larry Samuelson, Murat Sertel, Fernando Vega, Eyal Winter and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. The first author acknowledges financial support from DGICYT-PB 95-0983. This work was done while the first author was visiting the Center in Political Economy at Washington University, and visiting the Center for Basic Research in the Social Sciences at Harvard University. Their hospitality is gratefully acknowledged. The support of the second author's research by the National Science Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged.     

GIS 在物流中的应用

介绍地理信息系统(GIS)在物流中应用的基本原理，指出了GIS在物流中应用的几个方面，以及在其要解决好的几个问题。     

虚拟企业核心竞争力的评判研究

虚拟企业是在网络经济时代出现并蓬勃发展的一种形式,具有突出的核心竞争力。识别虚拟企业的核心竞争力,是虚拟企业成功运作的关键一步,可以通过采用模糊数学集合论与层次分析法相结合的模糊综合评价法。通过一个仿真算例,说明该种方法的有效性。     

园林工程造价控制

结合园林建设的工程造价管理的实际情况，从园林建设的全过程系统地、多方位地探讨了工程造价控制的优化问题，以期能给园林建设的投资方、建设方及从业人员提供一些参考。     

农业价值负功能现象的探索

农业价值中普遍存在负功能的现象。其特征是:负功能与正功能互为依存、互为转化,依据不同时间、社会、自然、经济条件而变化,有的事物本身既有正功能,又不可避免地具有负功能,负功能成为事物固有功能的一部分,并对总功能产生影响。研究负功能,有利于防止、克服和转化负功能对事物价值的影响,保持农业可持续发展。     

中国股市调控政策研究--历史、走向与市场影响

“低风险高收益”地利用股市为经济发展服务，无疑是政府股市政策的终极目标。因此，规范和发展将是我国股市政策的永恒主题，只是在不同的发展阶段侧重点不同。股市政策的有效性除受政策本身是否科学、是否得到正确实施等因素的影响外，还受宏观经济政策的影响。股市政策引起股指的短期波动，宏观经济政策的松紧却决定了股指运行的基本走势。     

汽车制造业供应链管理的突破方向

1引言 中国汽车消费市场需求的变化无常，对汽车物流优化的需求更加急迫，中国的汽车制造企业对通过物流改善降低成本的期望也因此变得更加具体和实际；在供应链综合管理方面执着努力，多方突破，力图获得实质性的收益成为众多汽车制造企业的共同追求。     

Pseudo empirical likelihood method in the presence of missing data

In this paper, we propose an estimator for the population mean when some observations on the study and auxiliary variables are missing from the sample. The proposed estimator is valid for any unequal probability sampling design, and is based upon the pseudo empirical likelihood method. The proposed estimator is compared with other estimators in a simulation study.     

职业经理人制度--家族企业发展的趋势

一、家族式管理的家族企业的弊端当今世界,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,家族企业都在顽强地生存和发展,世界上许多大公司都是由家族企业经营或控制发展而来的,如:杜邦、福特、波音、摩托罗拉等均为家族企业,它们都列在美国500家最大公司中的前几位。据克林·盖尔西克的统计,在全世界企业中,由家族所有或经营的企业占65%～80%,这在东南亚及东亚更为突出。可见,家族企业在世界各国都占据着重要地位。经过国内外的实践,家族企业之所以延伸到现代企业,关键是采用了职业经理人制度。在我国,中共十六大提出“私营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组…     

Micro-level product-market dynamics: Shared knowledge and its relationship to market development

This work draws on consumer and psychology research to explain sociocognitive aspects of product-market dynamics at a higher level of specificity than prior research. The authors extend the field’s understanding of market-shaping shared knowledge through a theory-informed discussion of how shared product knowledge comes to exist and how it changes as product markets develop. They define shared knowledge as the aspects of product representations that are common across the minds of market actors, making it possible for them to understand one another. The authors also discuss ways to track shared knowledge content that is expressed in market narratives. As the characteristics of shared knowledge are explained and linked to stages of product-market development, the authors develop a set of researchable propositions to guide future research. The theoretical arguments and propositions in this article complement extant marketing strategy research by integrating individual-level consumer theory with market evolution models. José Antonio Rosa (jose.rosa@case.edu; Ph.D., University of Michigan) is an assistant professor of marketing at Case Western Reserve University. His research interests include product markets as sociocognitive phenomena, embodied knowledge in consumer and managerial sensemaking, consumer illiteracy and coping, commitment and motivation among members of network marketing organizations, and buying group satisfaction. His research has been published in marketing and management publications, including theJournal of Marketing and theAcademy of Management Journal. Before entering academia, he worked in the automotive and information systems industries. Jelena Spanjol (jspanjol@tamu.edu; Ph.D., University of Illinois) is an assistant professor of marketing at Texas A&M University. Her research interests include product market dynamics, product portfolio management, innovation, sensemaking, and organizational and managerial cognition in marketing strategy. Her research has been published in marketing and management publications, including theJournal of Marketing and several book chapters. Before academia, she worked in the scientific software industry.