The explosive growth of Chinese trade may be due to international production fragmentation, but few have assessed these phenomena together, in part, because it is difficult to measure the vertical specialization (VS) of China's trade. Unique features of China's processing trade cause both identification of imported inputs and their allocation across sectors to vary by trade regime. This paper estimates the VS of Chinese merchandise exports, addressing these two challenges. A new method to identify Chinese imported inputs is developed, and used to calculate VS by sector and destination. VS estimates based on the official Chinese input–output table are contrasted with those based on a split table, capturing processing and normal exports separately. Last, the paper tests whether Chinese “export sophistication” can be explained by VS. 相似文献
Recruitment of a large and reliable control group is a challenge in psychological survey based research. The effect of recruitment
styles and age on response-rate, data quality, and individual differences were investigated in a control group for a postal
survey of elderly bereaved people. This study was a direct reaction to the first recruitment attempt that had a 10% response
rate. This study consisted of four groups of randomly selected elderly married people (65–81 years) receiving a postal questionnaire
measuring depression, social support, coping style, adult attachment, life satisfaction, and personality factors. All groups
were exposed to a set of general initiatives (customized introduction letter with university letterhead; self-addressed, prepaid
envelope included; personally directed letter signed by the researcher; an assurance of confidentiality). Three groups were
exposed to different specific initiatives (short non-sensitive questionnaire, recorded response, and monetary incentive independent
of response) to increase the response-rate. The results indicated that general initiatives and information letters apparently
increased the response-rate from 10 to 31%. Monetary incentive had the highest response-rate (51%), good data quality, and
no sampling bias in individual differences. This method can be highly recommended in future control group recruitment. 相似文献
The boundaryless career, which challenges the assumptions of the traditional hierarchical career, has proved to be a remarkably popular and influential concept. However, we argue that it remains theoretically and empirically undeveloped, which limits its explanatory potential. We draw on some New Zealand empirical research highlighting the issue of who gets studied. Focusing on women's career experience, local ethnic groups and collective cultures we argue that these experiences represent a challenge to boundaryless career theory. Some of the theoretical assumptions on which boundaryless careers have been built are also interrogated: freedom from boundaries, individual volition and minimal influences from societal structures. We conclude that the boundaryless career story/odyssey is in danger of becoming a narrow career theory applicable only to the minority, if there is no engagement with theoretical and empirical critiques. 相似文献
A measure of consumers’ attitude toward private label brands is developed, and its psychometric properties are assessed. Predictions
are then tested regarding relationships between private label attitude and (1) latent perceptual and sales promotion constructs,
and (2) purchase behaviors measured in a field setting. The measure is positively related to value consciousness, deal proneness,
and smart-shopper self-perceptions, and negatively related to the propensity to be brand loyal and hold price-quality perceptions.
Predictive validity of the private label measure is supported by a positive relationship with private label purchases from
a grocery store shopping trip. Despite a positive relationship between the latent constructs of private label attitude and
deal proneness, the consumer segment that allocated a high percentage of total purchases to private label products made fewer
purchases on sale or with a coupon. These findings suggest that consumers may choose between price-related deals and private
label purchases.
Scot Burton is professor and Wal-Mart chairholder in the Department of Marketing and Transportation at the University of Arkansas. His
research interests include public policy and consumer welfare concerns, consumer price and promotion perceptions, and survey
research measurement issues. His work has been published in theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research, theJournal of Consumer Research, theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Public Opinion Quarterly, theJournal of Applied Psychology, and others.
Donald R. Lichtenstein is a professor in the Department of Maketing at the University of Colorado. His research interests include consumer processing
of price and sales promotion information and consumer welfare issues related to marketplace choice. His work has been published
in theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research, theJournal of Consumer Research, and others.
Richard G. Netemeyer is a professor in the Department of Marketing, E. J. Ourso College of Business Administration at Louisiana State University
(LSU). He received his Ph.D. in business administration from the University of South Carolina in 1986. Since then, he has
been a member of the marketing faculty at LSU. His research interests include measurement and scaling, public policy, maladaptive
behaviors, and consumer behavior in general. His research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, theJournal of Marketing Research, theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Applied Psychology, theJournal of Public Policy & Marketing, and others. He is also a member of the editorial review boards of theJournal of Consumer Research and theJournal of Public Policy & Marketing.
Judith A. Garretson is a Ph. D. candidate in the Department of Marketing and Transportation at the University of Arkansas. Her research interests
include promotion issues and public policy and consumer welfare. her work has appeared in theJournal of Public Policy & Marketing, theJournal of Professional Services Marketing, and proceedings of the American Marketing Association and Association for Consumer Research. 相似文献
The present investigation used the transfer‐meaning model to assess the influence of rescue workers meaning after a major catastrophic event. Specifically, we examined the influence of rescue workers meaning on subjective norms and attitudes towards being voluntarily involved in civic activities and the influence of these on online and offline civic engagement intention. 300 Mexican undergraduate and graduate students completed a battery of questionnaires assessing meaning transfer, subjective norms, attitudes and behavioural intentions towards offline and online civic engagement. Results showed a significant positive effect of rescue workers meaning on subjective norms and attitude towards being voluntarily involved in civic activities. In addition, subjective norms and attitudes were significant antecedents of offline and online civic participation intention. The theoretical and managerial implications of our results were discussed. 相似文献
This study expands the application of deonance theory into organizations’ upper echelons by examining how CEOs imprinted with a sense of duty can influence managerial decision-making. We hypothesize an imprint of bounded autonomy, an ought-force that constrains their decision-making and understanding of behavioral freedom, influences duty-bound CEOs to self-report errors in past financial reporting. We test deonance theory propositions of instrumentality for behavioral expansion, namely loss avoidance and gain attainment, related to institutional ownership concentration and CEO equity ownership. We use CEOs that are graduates of U.S. service academies as a proxy for duty-bound executives and find firms they lead are more likely to issue a financial restatement to correct a previous reporting error. This finding is robust to alternate explanations such as being error-prone, earnings management, auditor oversight, and risk behaviors. We also find evidence that deonance may be subject to behavioral expansion. The likelihood of issuing a restatement decreases as institutional ownership concentration and CEO equity ownership increases. This study shows imprinted deonance within the C-suite influences important organizational outcomes.
This study is based on the case of BMW, and aims to improve the determination of perceived consumer satisfaction in the automotive industry by transferring existing knowledge from the health care sector. A literature analysis of the health care sector and the automotive industry was conducted to identify the common concepts of determining satisfaction. These were the service encounter, situational factors, and sociodemographics. The practical application was tested by analyzing a contemporary survey from BMW. Based on the findings, managers responsible for customer satisfaction in after-sales services in the automotive industry could improve measurement of customer satisfaction. 相似文献