达成一致和复杂自适应系统--一种评价协作性规划的框架

达成一致过程不仅与产生协议和计划有关,而且与实验、学习改变和达成共享的意义相关.本文以我们在大范围的关于达成一致案例中的实验性研究和实践为基础,提出达到一致过程应该被放在复杂科学原则和联络性理论的背景下进行评价.作为结果和标准,文内提出了一些评价原则和一系列方法.     

Ungleichheit: Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit – ein internationaler Vergleich

Based on a cross-national comparison, there is virtually no empirical relationship between the actual size of income inequality within a country and how critically people view these income differences. This finding is revealed by subjective inequality data on 23 European countries and the US. Instead, views on income distribution can be far better explained by the subjective perception of inequality within a society. Similarly, redistributive preferences are less influenced by actual distribution than by perceived inequality.     

Implications of Stratified Sampling for Fair Lending Binary Logit Models

We examine the effect of sample design on estimation and inference for disparate treatment in binary logistic models used to assess for fair lending. Our Monte Carlo experiments provide information on how sample design affects efficiency (in terms of mean squared error) of estimation of the disparate treatment parameter and power of a test for statistical insignificance of this parameter. The sample design requires two decision levels: first, the degree of stratification of the loan applicants (Level I Decision) and secondly, given a Level I Decision, how to allocate the sample across strata (Level II Decision). We examine four Level I stratification strategies: no stratification (simple random sampling), exogenously stratifying loan cases by race, endogenously stratifying cases by loan outcome (denied or approved), and stratifying exogenously by race and endogenously by outcome. Then, we consider five Level II methods: proportional, balanced, and three designs based on applied studies. Our results strongly support the use of stratifying by both race and loan outcome coupled with a balanced sample design when interest is in estimation of, or testing for statistical significance of, the disparate treatment parameter.     

Identifying Success Factors for Rapid Growth in SME E-commerce

With high unemployment rates and major companies downsizing, SME policy has started to move centre stage. The small business job-creation thesis can be traced to David Birch, who placed great emphasis on the job generation process of very rapidly growing businesses he termed Gazelles: "In fact most firms don't grow. Gazelles do. And that is only 3% of all small companies." This paper focuses on the baby gazelles of the Internet economy. It looks at critical success factors that fast growing E-commerce ventures need to take into account in the start-up phase. Based on the results of the EU project KITE, the article demonstrates links between critical success factors, and highlights the competitive advantage deriving from the application of a certain critical success factor. It will compare the critical success factors identified for high growth E-commerce ventures in the start-up phase in KITE with research into the success of high growth companies in general.     

A content analysis of CPA advertising in national print media from 1979 to 1984

Certified Public Accountants were not allowed to advertise from 1922 to 1977. Even though the AICPA Code was changed in 1978, there has been continued discussion and disagreement among practitioners about whether accountants should advertise. A content analysis of 38 publications (over a six year period) from industry/trade, accounting, and general business was performed in order to determine where advertisments appeared, timing, frequency and to whom CPAs were advertising as well as the message content, components, and objectives of the advertisements. Of 812 advertisements, 71% were from Big Eight firms. The advertisements promoting services not requiring CPA certification and were found mostly in industry/trade publications. The number of advertisements increased through the years except for 1982. Advertising by CPA firms still appears to be conservative in numbers; however, the trend indicates that such advertising will increase in the future.     

Housing Finance and Deregulation: Predictions and Outcomes

This article explores the extent to which the deregulation of the Australian financial system over the past few years has borne out the claims of the Campbell and Martin Reports with regard to housing finance. It concludes that claims that there would be an increase in the availability of finance were optimistic but that claims that the effective rate of interest would not increase have been vindicated. It also concludes that the most significant innovations which have taken place have come, not from the private sector as predicted, but from the public sector.     

Fundraising in the usa and the united kingdom: Comparing today with directions for tomorrow

In 1995, residents of the United Kingdom — a population of 58 million — contributed £9.1bn ($14.56bn) to charities. During the same time period, $143.85bn was donated by the 265 million inhabitants in the United States. Going just by the numbers, the not-for-profit world often assumes Americans are the most philanthropic people on earth. But, a careful look at some actual indicators of charitability suggest this belief may, in fact, be more wishful thinking than reality. Here are the facts.     

Generating Equality? Equal Pay,Decentralization and the Electricity Supply Industry

Despite the existence of effective equal pay legislation in the UK since 1975 aimed at eradicating pay discrimination, women are still in receipt of only 79.5 per cent of the hourly earnings received by men (EOR 1994b). Whitehouse (1992) claims that a centralized collective bargaining model is more likely to lead to equality for women in the labour market than a liberalized individualistic model. The model was tested at an aggregated level for 13 OECD countries. This article provides a case study which charts a trade union claim for equal pay over a period often years (1984–94), which may be seen as an examination of the Whitehouse proposition at a disaggregated level. The paper highlights the barriers to equality bargaining and analyses the case study to identify the criteria necessary for achieving equality.     

Pre-testing for linear restrictions in a regression model with spherically symmetric disturbances

In this paper we derive the exact risk (under quadratic loss) of pre-test estimators of the prediction vector and of the error variance of a linear regression model with spherically symmetric disturbances. The pre-test in question is one of the validity of a set of exact linear restrictions on the model's coefficient vector. We demonstrate how the known results for the model with normal disturbances can be extended to this broader case. We also show that the critical value of unity results in a minimum of the risk of the pre-test estimator of the error variance. To illustrate the results we assume multivariate Student-t regression disturbances and numerically evaluate the derived expressions.