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71.
The authors extend prior literature by examining, in two distinct field settings, smallest meaningful pay increases (SMPIs) in terms of magnitude, behavioral intention, and affective reactions. In Study 1, a two‐wave study of 177 employees of a university medical center in the United States, the authors find stable thresholds of about 5.0 percent for positive reactions to pay increases (magnitude [5.4 percent], behavioral intentions [4.2 percent], and affective reactions [5.6 percent]). In Study 2, a sample of 495 university employees in Finland, the authors also find stable but slightly higher thresholds of about 8 percent for behavioral intentions (8.4 percent) and positive affective reactions (7.2 percent) to pay increases. They also find threshold effects of ?5.7 percent for behavioral intentions and ?5.8 percent for negative affective reactions in response to restricted future pay increases levied in the transition to a new pay system. Discussion of the results centers on pay raise administration and future research regarding implied and direct pay reductions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
72.
Walter Krämer 《Empirical Economics》1995,20(3):473-478
This note considers the small sample bias of the empirical variances of observed and ex-post-rational prices of financial assets, and shows that this can be much more severe than has previously been thought. 相似文献
73.
A dual representation of a technology, e.g., a cost function, may not contain all of the technological information, but it will contain all of the information about input vectors that would be chosen by a cost-minimizing firm. At least this much is clear for deterministic technologies. The main question addressed in this paper is whether the same can be said about stochastic technologies and their dual representations. Despite some pessimism expressed in the stochastic frontier literature on this question, we argue that there is no extra cost imposed in the stochastic case. Thus, the conclusion of this paper is: Just dual it! 相似文献
74.
Enterprises in post-socialist and transition economies often participate in providing infrastructure and social services to the surrounding community which in the Russian legal setting should be local authorities’ responsibility. We propose that this bundling of social and infrastructure goods provision with firm's core operations is a fully rational choice in an uncertain institutional environment. A unique survey data suggest that this manifests itself through more reliable infrastructure, stronger employee attachment to the firm and, most interestingly, through better relations with the authorities. Relationship with authorities is a two-way game where the firm gains from the arrangement but on the other faces sanctions if it decided to depart from it. Firm's participation in the arrangement is clearly enhanced by inherited fixed capital assets from the Soviet era. 相似文献
75.
Karl-Göran Mäler 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(1):63-75
Green net national product was thought to be one way of measuring sustainable income. However, David Pearce understood that
a better measure of sustainable development was to look at what a generation is leaving in form of capital assets to later
generations. In this article, his arguments and insights are highlighted against recent theoretical advances. 相似文献
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79.
This paper develops the notion of parallel-neutral technical change for inputs and outputs. It is shown that parallel-neutral
technical change generalizes existing radial notions of neutral technical change. A taxonomy of the structural consequences
of parallel-neutral technical change is developed. 相似文献
80.
Karl-Göran Mäler 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2008,39(1):17-24
Two new important developments in environmental and resource economics is presented—non convex dynamics of ecosystems and
wealth as an indicator of sustainable development. Non convex dynamics imply existence of resilience, that is the robustness
of systems to withstand exogenous perturbations. Resilience can be regarded as an insurance against flips of the system into
different basins of stability. Sustainable development, according to the Bruntland report, is the provision of productive
resources to future generations to make it possible for them to live as well as the present generation. Thus, the value of
changes in productive assets is therefore an index of whether an economy is on a sustainable path or not. Resilience can be
regarded as one such productive asset and the paper discusses how one can define the value of this asset. 相似文献