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141.
James Hrubovcak Michael LeBlanc B. Kelly Eakin 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2000,17(2):145-162
In this paper, we develop atheoretically consistent framework to incorporate theenvironmental effects of agricultural production andthe depletion of natural capital caused byagricultural production into the existing incomeaccounts. We apply the framework and adjust theincome attributed to the agricultural sector andeconomy-wide net national product (NNP) for the UnitedStates. Estimated adjustments to the incomeattributed to agriculture are in the range of $4billion and have declined as a percentage of net farmincome since 1982. 相似文献
142.
Morton E. O’Kelly 《Spatial Economic Analysis》2016,11(3):253-275
One strategy for making sense of airline network complexity is to assess the empirical network against an appropriate benchmark. The purpose of this paper is to develop and use well known measurements of betweenness and to deploy them in the context of airline transportation nets. The paper demonstrates some structural differences that emerge in larger networks. Selected extreme values are computed, as benchmarks, from a hypothetical ideal hub network. Actual values are shown to largely comport with these expectations, but there are numerous and interesting exceptions. 相似文献
143.
Kelly Garbach Jeffrey C. Milder Fabrice A.J. DeClerck Maywa Montenegro de Wit Laura Driscoll Barbara Gemmill-Herren 《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2017,15(1):11-28
Agroecological intensification (AEI) integrates ecological principles and biodiversity management into farming systems with the aims of increasing farm productivity, reducing dependency on external inputs, and sustaining or enhancing ecosystem services. This review develops an analytic framework to characterize the fulfilment of these objectives by documenting the co-occurrence of positive, neutral, and negative outcomes for crop yield and nine regulating ecosystem services. We provide an illustrative examination of the framework, evaluating evidence for yield and ecosystem service outcomes across five AEI systems: conservation agriculture, holistic grazing management, organic agriculture, precision agriculture, and system of rice intensification (SRI). We reviewed 104 studies containing 245 individual comparisons between AEI and contrasting farming systems. In three of the five AEI systems, conservation agriculture, precision agriculture, and SRI, more than half of reviewed comparisons reported ‘win-win’ outcomes, enhancement of both yield and ecosystem services, or ‘win-neutral’ outcomes relative to contrasting farming systems. The review presents substantial evidence that the five AEI systems can contribute to multi-functional agriculture by increasing ecosystem service provision, or reducing negative externalities associated with agriculture, while maintaining or increasing yields. A framework such as the one presented here can help guide decision-makers considering how best to implement multi-functional agriculture so that both crop yield and ecosystem service delivery can be maintained or increased. 相似文献
144.
The dramatic rise in CEO compensation during the 1990s and early 2000s is a longstanding puzzle. In this paper, we show that much of the rise can be explained by a tendency of firms to grant the same number of options each year. Number-rigidity implies that the grant-date value of option awards will grow with firm equity returns, which were very high on average during the tech boom. Further, other forms of CEO compensation did not adjust to offset the dramatic growth in the value of option pay. Number-rigidity in options can also explain the increased dispersion in pay, the difference in growth between the US and other countries, and the increased correlation between pay and firm-specific equity returns. We present evidence that number-rigidity arose from a lack of sophistication about option valuation that is akin to money illusion. We show that regulatory changes requiring transparent expensing of the grant-date value of options led to a decline in number-rigidity and helps explain why executive pay increased less with equity returns during the housing boom in the mid-2000s. 相似文献
145.
International Advances in Economic Research - A fair lending analysis seeks to determine whether a lender’s underwriting, pricing, and marketing decisions are free from a prohibited basis... 相似文献
146.
Obesity is described as the fastest growing public health challenge facing developed nations (Prentice, 2006). This research introduces the topic of obesity to the retailing literature by examining the interplay between obesity in frontline employees and customer evaluations of service transactions. Baseline effects are established that show customers evaluate employees and firms more negatively if the frontline worker is obese compared to average weight. Two follow-up studies identify means by which firms may offset the negative obesity effects. Specifically, signaling theory is drawn upon in Study 1 to justify the introduction of observable quality cues as a means to offset negative stereotypes. Results indicate that the presence of unambiguous quality cues attenuate unfavorable judgments of the obese employee and the affiliated retail store. In Study 2, a countervailing, jovial stereotype is primed as a means to offset the more prominent negative ones. Retail managers can use this research as a means to understand an important caveat to frontline service evaluations and as the basis for managing a prominent negative stereotype. 相似文献
147.
148.
149.
Kelly D. Martin Jean L. Johnson Joseph J. French 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2011,39(4):574-591
Institutional theory implies that normative societal expectations create pressures for organizations to respond acceptably
to important institutional constituents. Although the role of the institutional environment on marketing has been studied,
the organizational mechanisms by which firms respond to societal pressures remain under-investigated. We suggest that an important
determining factor involves organizational identity, which drives firm response to societal norms and facilitates its quest
for legitimacy. Accordingly, this study contributes to organizational theory in marketing by casting identity as the focal
mechanism in the firm’s response to the institutional environment. Marketing ethics and CSR issues frame this research given
natural synergies with institutional and organizational identity theories and evidence that increasingly, firms must respond
to societal expectations involving ethics in their marketing practices. Using game theoretical models and economic experiments,
we find that the influence of the institutional environment emerges through firm identity, affecting resource allocation to
ethical product augmentation. 相似文献
150.
Differences between odd number and even number response formats: Evidence from mainland Chinese respondents 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Wong Chi-Sum Peng Kelly Z. Shi Junqi Mao Yina 《Asia Pacific Journal of Management》2011,28(2):379-399
Scholars have speculated that the Chinese may be more reluctant to express their opinions strongly and that this may be reinforced
if the odd number response format with a mid-point option of “no opinion” or “neither agree nor disagree” is provided. This
may undermine the quality of survey data because less variances or even inaccurate information will be collected. This study
provides empirical evidence from 532 mainland Chinese employees in Beijing to test this speculation. These employees were
randomly assigned to complete either an odd number or even number response format questionnaire. In contrast to the speculation,
in a wide variety of measures that are relevant to the area of organizational behavior (OB) and human resource management
(HRM), it appears that the odd number response format does not show systematic differences when compared with the even number
response format. This result holds even for some sensitive measures of personal beliefs, evaluation of and judgments about
employing organizations, supervisors, and colleagues. Given the increasing number of studies surveying Chinese and other Asian
respondents, we call for further research on this issue. 相似文献