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61.
The transparency that journalists and newsrooms can produce for their audience has long been regarded as a rather marginal criterion for journalistic quality. But new transparency models??due to the interactivity, immediacy, archiving capacity and the absent limitation of space in the internet??offer greater potentials than classical instruments in print and broadcasting. In comments, web videos, blogs, twitter feeds and social networks, journalists discuss with users and publicly account for editorial decisions. Transparency is fashionable in the digital public sphere; its evaluation, however, is not clear, but ambiguous and complex. This paper conceptualizes (self-)transparency and qualitatively classifies the available instruments in a three-dimensional matrix model. This is to facilitate the analysis of problematic areas and potential conflicts: Newsrooms demonstrating open self-reflection dismiss the ideal of ??objective journalism??. Yet, transparency is not only an ethical demand, but is also supposed to strengthen trust in journalistic products because it permits quality evaluations by the audience. An experiment shows, for the first time, that self-transparency has an effect on trust in some aspects but not as a basic principle. Analysing this interdependency, we have to distinguish between transparency of process and of product as well as between different media. 相似文献
62.
Solidarity and Probabilistic Target Rules 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We consider a probabilistic approach to collective choice problems where a group of agents with single-peaked preferences have to decide on the level or location of a public good. We show that every probabilistic rule that satisfies Pareto efficiency and "solidarity" (population-monotonicity or replacement-domination) must equal a so-called target rule. 相似文献
63.
64.
The concept of fairness has received great attention in consumer behavior research lately. However, the focus of these studies has mainly been the understanding of fairness in terms of pricing rather than exploring the consumers’ perceptions of fairness itself. This study explores the consumers’ perceptions of fairness as an outcome of a retailer’s marketing tactics. Based on 36 in-depth interviews this study submits a conceptualization of retail fairness from the consumers’ point-of-view. The concept of retail fairness constitutes of three dimensions and nine sub-dimensions, expanding our knowledge of the construct. The study posits a crucial link between increased honesty, ethical, and moral behavior and the understanding of retail fairness. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. 相似文献
65.
In a world of limited resources, it could be argued that companies that aspire to be good corporate citizens need to focus
on making best use of resources. User value and environmental harm are created in supply chains and it could therefore be
argued that company business ethics should be extended from the company to the entire value chain from the first supplier
to the last customer. Starting with a delineation of the linkages between business ethics, corporate sustainability, and the
stakeholder concept, this article argues that supply chains generally have a great innovation potential for sustainable development.
This potential could be highlighted with system thinking and the use of change management knowledge, promoting not only innovations
within technology but also within organizational improvement. We propose process models and performance indicators as means
of highlighting improvement potential and thus breaking down normative business ethics’ requirements to an opertionalizable
corporate level: Good business ethics should focus on maximizing stakeholder value in relation to harm done. Our results indicate
that focusing on supply chains reveals previously unknown innovation potential that seems to be related to limited system
understanding. The assumption is that increased visibility of opportunities will act as a driver for change. Results also
highlight the importance of focusing on sustainability effects of the core business and clearly relating value created to
harm done. 相似文献
66.
This paper addresses the question of which variables have what kind of impact on the decision to locate new R&D facilities in countries different from the home country of a corporation. In the first section of the paper we demonstrate the complexity of this question by referring to empirical research, managerial statements and literature. We then develop a conceptual model for the location decision of international R&D activities. This is based on Porter's (1990) framework of the factors constituting the competitive advantage of nations. In the final section of this paper we show how such a model helps us to understand and also to explain a number of management issues related to global R&D activities. 相似文献
67.
Schmidt-Hebbel Klaus; Webb Steven B.; Corsetti Giancarlo 《World Bank Economic Review》1992,6(3):529-547
Although most studies have relied on domestic or private sectorsaving data, this article uses household data available fromthe U.N. System of National Accounts for a sample of 10 countries.Household saving functions are estimated using combined time-seriesand cross-country observations in order to test households'responses to income and growth, rates of return, monetary wealth,foreign saving, and demographic variables. The results showthat income and wealth variables affect saving strongly andin ways consistent with standard theories. Inflation and theinterest rate do not show clear effects on saving, which isalso consistent with their theoretical ambiguity. Foreign savingand monetary assets have strong negative effects on householdsaving, which suggests the importance of liquidity constraintsand monetary wealth in developing countries. 相似文献
68.
Zusammenfassung Ausgangspunkt bildet ein Produktionsmodell, das durch eine Kombination von zwischensektoraler Prozeßbeschreibung und allgemeinen sektoralen Produktionsfunktionen gewissen empirischen Befunden über input-output-Struktur und Substitutionseffekten theoretisch zu entsprechen versucht. Auf dieser Basis läßt sich eine Reihe von Problemen des optimalen Wachstums (welfaremaximierende Pfade, optimale Beschäftigungspfade, konsummaximierende Pfade) als klassische Variationsprobleme formulieren. Schließlich wurde ein allgemeiner Ausblick auf andere Interpretationen (steuerbare Prozesse) und diesen angemessene Lösungstechniken größerer Leistungsfähigkeit (Maximumprinzip von Pontrjagin) eröffnet.Mit 1 Textabbildung 相似文献
69.
Many business thinkers believe it's the role of senior managers to scan the external environment to monitor contingencies and constraints, and to use that precise knowledge to modify the company's strategy and design. As these thinkers see it, managers need accurate and abundant information to carry out that role. According to that logic, it makes sense to invest heavily in systems for collecting and organizing competitive information. Another school of pundits contends that, since today's complex information often isn't precise anyway, it's not worth going overboard with such investments. In other words, it's not the accuracy and abundance of information that should matter most to top executives--rather, it's how that information is interpreted. After all, the role of senior managers isn't just to make decisions; it's to set direction and motivate others in the face of ambiguities and conflicting demands. Top executives must interpret information and communicate those interpretations--they must manage meaning more than they must manage information. So which of these competing views is the right one? Research conducted by academics Sutcliffe and Weber found that how accurate senior executives are about their competitive environments is indeed less important for strategy and corresponding organizational changes than the way in which they interpret information about their environments. Investments in shaping those interpretations, therefore, may create a more durable competitive advantage than investments in obtaining and organizing more information. And what kinds of interpretations are most closely linked with high performance? Their research suggests that high performers respond positively to opportunities, yet they aren't overconfident in their abilities to take advantage of those opportunities. 相似文献
70.
Saving in Developing Countries: An Overview 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the determinantsof saving rates, presenting the main findings and contributionsof the recently completed World Bank research project, SavingAcross the World. The article discusses the basic designof the research project and its core database, the World SavingDatabase. It then summarizes the main project results and placesthem in the context of the literature on saving, identifyingthe key policy and nonpolicy determinants of private savingrates. Special attention is paid to the relationship betweengrowth and saving and the impact of specific policies on savingrates. The article concludes by introducing the studies includedin this special issue. 相似文献